“…Overall, 13 of these studies reported a significant increase in the risk for PTB for women experiencing DAS during pregnancy (Copper et al, 1996;Dayan et al, 2002;Dole et al, 2003;Field, Hernandez-Reif, & Diego, 2006;Glynn, Schetter, Hobel, & Sandman, 2008;Ibanez et al, 2012;Jesse, Seaver, & Wallace, 2003;Kramer et al, 2009;Lobel et al, 1992;Messer, Dole, Kaufman, & Savitz, 2005;Rini, Dunkel-Schetter, Wadhwa, & Sandman, 1999;Wadhwa, Sandman, Porto, Dunkel-Schetter, & Garite, 1993). Three studies (Andersson et al, 2004;Faisal-Cury, Araya, Zugaib, & Menezes, 2010;Field, Hernandez-Reif, Diego, et al, 2006) used diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder to clearly differentiate between symptoms and syndromes.…”