Depression and Self-Enhancement Among Japanese and American Students

Hymes, Robert W.; Akiyama, M. Michael

doi:10.1080/00224545.1991.9713859

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…High levels of self-reported distress have been found among Asians in Asia (see Hymes & Akiyama, 1991) as well as among Asians in North America relative to European Americans using instruments comparable to those in the present research. A plausible explanation for such findings is that the downplay of self-enhancement and heightened sensitivity regarding relationships and social situations that an interdependent self-construal mandates may be interpreted as maladaptive according to self-reported distress scales that have been standardized on individuals who primarily harbor an independent self-construal.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Culture, Ethnicity, and Emotional Distress Measures

Norasakkunkit

Kalick

2002

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

126

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Research suggests that Asians consistently score higher than European Americans on measures of emotional distress. Extending previous research, the current study found that self-report measures of depression, social avoidance and distress, and fear of negative evaluation were positively related to a self-report measure of interdependent self-construal, negatively related to a self-report measure of independent self-construal, or both. Furthermore, distress measures varied inversely with relative self-enhancement, an indigenous constituent of the independent self but not of the interdependent self. Results suggest that certain commonly used measures of depression and social anxiety may tend to equate the moderately self-enhancing goals of an independent self with mental health, whereas responses reflecting culturally prescribed goals of an interdependent self may be seen as indicating emotional distress. The cultural appropriateness of standardized measures of emotional distress when applied to Asians was raised as a concern.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Culture, Ethnicity, and Emotional Distress Measures

Norasakkunkit

Kalick

2002

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

126

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“…Knight et al [12] showed that subjects aged 16-19 years had SDS scores of 33.0 for boys and 37.2 for girls. Hymes and Akiyama [13] reported that the mean SDS score for Japanese students (n = 116 undergraduates at two universities) was 41.80 ± 8.31. Chida et al [14] showed that the mean SDS scores of randomly selected subjects were 39.1 ± 7.6 for males (n = 579) and 41. students in the present study ranged from 43.7 ± 8.5 to 44.8 ± 9.0 from 2006 through 2008.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condition of depressive symptoms among Japanese dental students

Takayama

Miura

et al. 2011

Odontology

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The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) is generally used to screen for the presence of depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate scores on the SDS, Japanese version, in undergraduates at Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine in Yokohama, Japan. A total of 2,197 dental students completed the SDS from 2006 through 2008. The investigation took place each year over a 3-week period from June to July. When investigating, the Institutional Review Board at Tsurumi University approved the study. Students could voluntarily agree or decline to participate in the study, and all responses were provided anonymously. SDS scores by sex, class year, and change over time were analyzed. The mean SDS score ranged from 43.7 ± 8.5 to 44.8 ± 9.0 between 2006 and 2008. Women were significantly more depressed than men in 2007 and 2008. The SDS scores of the same students were high continuously for 2 years. "Diurnal variation," "personal devaluation," and "confusion" had the highest scores of the 20 individual items of the SDS. Of the participating students, 31.4-37.2% were classified as being moderately to severely depressed. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute the odds ratio for SDS scores of ≤47 versus ≥48. The item "suicidal rumination" had the highest chance of being associated with depressive symptoms in all 3 years. Although this research was limited to a single department of dentistry, it appears that dental students experience various levels of depression. Providing mental healthcare options to these students may be helpful.

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“…The converse might also be trueÐ that those with positive self-concepts would be more likely to make external attributions of deviance than their peers with negative selfconcepts. In light of research showing that, in both American and Japanese cultures, depressives more than nondepressives tend to see their successes as caused by external, unstable, and speci® c factors and their failures by internal, stable, and global factors (Hymes & Akiyama, 1991;Niina, 1983), it was predicted that in both cultures internal attributions of deviance would be related to negative self-concepts and external attributions of deviance would be related to positive self-concepts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Concepts of deviance and disturbance in children and adolescents: A comparison between the United States and Japan

Crystal

2000

Int J Psychol

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Fifth and eleventh graders in the United States (N 5 169) and Japan (N 5 166) were interviewed about their reactions to stories describing various forms of psychological deviance in hypothetical peers. For each story, students were asked if any of the protagonist's behaviours seemed strange or unusual; why these behaviours were strange or unusual; and why the protagonist acted the way he or she did. More Japanese than American students mentioned the psychological reasoning of the individual, and more American than Japanese students mentioned external in¯uences and violation of social norms in explaining and conceptualizing deviant conduct, respectively. Few developmental or gender differences emerged. Results are discussed in terms of the individualism-collectivism paradigm and cultural differences in attributions for success and failure.Des eÂ leÁ ves de CM2 et de PremieÁ re aux Etats-Unis (N 5 169) et au Japon (N 5 166) ont eÂ teÂ questionne Â s au sujet de leur reÂ action aÁ des histoires deÂ crivant diverses formes de deÂ viance psychologique parmi des groupes de pairs hypotheÂ tiques. Dans chaque cas, les eÂ leÁ ves devaient indiquex si le comportement de certains des protagonistes leur semblait eÂ trange ou inhabituel; pourquoi ces comportements eÂ taient eÂ tranges ou inhabituels; et pourquoi le protagoniste avait agi de cette manieÁ re. Dans leur explication et leur conceptualisation de la conduite deÂ viante, respectivement, plus d'eÂ leÁ ves japonais que d'eÂ leÁ ves ameÂ ricains ont mentionneÂ le raisonnement psychologique de l'individu, et plus d'eÂ leÁ ves ameÂ ricains que d'eÂ leÁ ves japonais ont mentionneÂ des in¯uences externes et une violation des normes sociales. Peu de diffeÂ rences dans le deÂ veloppement ou entre les sexes se sont manifesteÂ s. Les reÂ sultats sont discuteÂ s dans le contexte du modeÁ le de l'individualismecollectivisme et des diffeÂ rences culturelles vis-aÁ -vis de l'attribution du succeÁ s et de l'eÂ chec.

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Depression and Self-Enhancement Among Japanese and American Students

Cited by 23 publications

References 22 publications

Culture, Ethnicity, and Emotional Distress Measures

Culture, Ethnicity, and Emotional Distress Measures

Condition of depressive symptoms among Japanese dental students

Concepts of deviance and disturbance in children and adolescents: A comparison between the United States and Japan

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