Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown

Rehman, Usama; Shahnawaz, Mohammad; Khan, Naazneen; Kharshiing, Korsi Dorene; Khursheed, Masrat; Gupta, Kaveri; Kashyap, Drishti; Uniyal, Ritika

doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x

Cited by 495 publications

(455 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Such gender difference has been reported mostly due to biological component and different coping strategies they have. This nding is in line with studies conducted in Nepal, China, India and Italy 12,14,16 . In this study, both anxiety and depression were found to be associated with marital status.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Anxiety, Depression and Functional impairment during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Workers: A Cross Sectional Online Survey

Shrestha¹,

Khatri²,

Ranjitkar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundCOVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered, with more than 24 million cases worldwide. Geometrically increasing numbers of cases and deaths from COVID 19 in the world, both medical staff and the public have been experiencing psychological problems, which can cause disability and functional impairment of the individual. This study aimed to determine the burden of stress anxiety and depression among health care workers.MethodologyA hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among all the employees of Hospital for Children Eye ENT and Rehabilitation Services Bhaktapur during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown using an online questionnaire. The tools used were adopted from Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) Nepali version and WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS2.0).ResultsThe mean age (SD) of the participants (n=86) was 32.53 (7.92) years. Male and female participants were equal in number. The point prevalence of anxiety and depression was 25.6% and 14.0%, respectively. Females had a higher prevalence of both anxiety (39.5% vs 11.6%, p<0.01) and depression (18.6% vs 9.3%, p=0.351). Clinical and non-clinical staff both had a higher prevalence of both anxiety (31.0% and 20.5%, p=0.265) and depression (16.7% and 11.4%, p=0.478). Mean disability score (WHODAS 2.0) among all participants and participants with anxiety and depression was 19.47 (95% CI: 18.13-20.80), 21.27 (95% CI: 18.08-24.46) and 19.92 (15.28-24.56), respectively.ConclusionAnxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown were highly prevalent both in clinical and non-clinical employees, without causing significant functional impairment among health care workers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Anxiety, Depression and Functional impairment during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Workers: A Cross Sectional Online Survey

Shrestha¹,

Khatri²,

Ranjitkar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…In this study, female participants had a higher prevalence of both anxiety (39.5% vs 11.6%, p<0.01) and depression (18.6% vs 9.3%, p=0.351). This nding is in line with studies conducted in Nepal, China, India and Italy 10,12,14 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Anxiety, Depression and Functional impairment during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Workers

Shrestha¹,

Khatri²,

Ranjitkar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundCOVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus that is pandemic, with more than 338 thousand cases worldwide. Geometrically increasing numbers of cases and deaths from COVID 19 in the world, both medical staff and the public have been experiencing psychological problems, including anxiety, depression, and stress, which can cause disability and functional impairment of the individual. One of the most stressful situations is the unpredictability of the situation and the uncertainty of when to control the disease and the seriousness of the risk. These challenges and stress can trigger a common mental disorder. This study aimed to determine the burden of stress anxiety and depression among all employees of Eye and ENT hospitals.MethodologyA hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among all the employees of Hospital for Children Eye ENT and Rehabilitation Services Bhaktapur during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown using an online self-administered questionnaire through Google forms. The tools were adopted from Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) Nepali version on a Likert's scale of 0 to 3 validated by Risal A. et al. and WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS S2.0) on a Likert's scale of 1 to 5 to assess functional impairment.ResultsThe mean age (SD) of the participants (n=86) was 32.53 (7.92) years. Male and female participants was equal in number. The point prevalence of anxiety and depression was 25.6% and 14.0%, respectively. Females had a higher prevalence of both anxiety (39.5% vs 11.6%, p<0.01) and depression (18.6% vs 9.3%, p=0.351). The mean (SD) anxiety, depression and functional impairment scores were 7.27 (4.621), 5.13 (4.023) and 19.47 (6.228), respectively. Females had a very strong association with both anxiety (AOR=5.008 (95% CI; 1.593-15.741)) and depression (AOR=2.173 (95% CI; 0.599-7.882)). Married participants had a positive association with anxiety (AOR 4.379 (95% CI; 1.121-17.106)) and depression (AOR 1.542 (95% CI; 0.379-6.276)). Clinical and supporting staff both had a higher prevalence of both anxiety (31.0% and 20.5%, p=0.265) and depression (16.7% and 11.4%, p=0.478). The mean 12-item WHO disability assessment schedule score (WHODAS 2.0) among all participants and participants with anxiety and depression was 19.47 (95% CI: 18.13-20.80), 21.27 (95% CI: 18.08-24.46) and 19.92 (15.28-24.56), respectively. The life activities domain of WHODAS 2.0 was significantly higher in participants with anxiety (1.91 vs 1.56, p<0.01) and depression (1.75 vs 1.63, p<0.001) than in those without anxiety.ConclusionAnxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown were highly prevalent both in clinical and non-clinical employees, causing mild to moderate functional impairment.

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“… 14 Factorial Validity of the Urdu Version of the Obsession With COVID-19 Scale: Preliminary Investigation Using a University Sample in Pakistan ( Ashraf, Lee, & Elizabeth Crunk, 2020 ) University students and teachers; n = 240; Online survey; Cross-sectional study Psychometric properties The Urdu version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) showed weak positive correlations with the total scale and social dysfunction and self-confidence subscales of the General Heath Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and no correlation with the depression and anxiety subscale. 15 Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of COVID-19 Lockdown ( Rehman et al, 2020 ) General population; n = 403; Online survey; Cross-sectional study Depression, anxiety, stress Not having sufficient supplies during the lockdown was associated with being more adversely affected by COVID-19. Socioeconomic status was negatively correlated with stress, anxiety, and depression.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental health research in the lower-middle-income countries of Africa and Asia during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review

Kar

Oyetunji

Prakash

et al. 2020

Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research

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Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown

Cited by 495 publications

References 23 publications

Anxiety, Depression and Functional impairment during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Workers: A Cross Sectional Online Survey

Anxiety, Depression and Functional impairment during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Workers: A Cross Sectional Online Survey

Anxiety, Depression and Functional impairment during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Workers

Mental health research in the lower-middle-income countries of Africa and Asia during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review

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