Depression in Diabetic Patients: a Comparative Study of 100 Diabetic Patients and 100 Controls

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes and depression remain among the major problems of public health in the world. These diseases complicate each other. Several factors contribute to the occurrence of depression in diabetic. Thus, it would be necessary to determine them in order to prevent its occurrence. Aims:To assess the prevalence of depression in a population of diabetics and to identify factors contributing to the occurrence of depression in diabetics. Methods: A cross case-control study among 100 hospitalized diabetics in the department of endocrinology, Hedi Chaker hospital in Sfax Tunisia. We compared them to 100 witnesses. Then, we compared the two subgroups of depressed and non-depressed diabetics. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to screen for depression, the Beck Depression Inventory scale to determine the degree of its severity and the MINI to identify patients with a current major depressive episode (MDE) among depressed subjects. Results: The prevalence of depression was higher in diabetics (35% versus 14%). The prevalence of MDE was 71.43%. Depression was severe in 40% of cases. Comparing to the non-depressed diabetics, depressed diabetics were predominantly female and older. The duration of diabetes, mostly type 2, was longer. These subjects had more acute and chronic complications. Correlation factors of depression in diabetics were: advanced age, low socio economic level, low physical activity, stressful life event, lower limb arteritis, gastroparesis, android obesity, disturbance of lipid profile and anxiety. Conclusion: Factors involved in the onset of depression in diabetic subjects should be taken into account to improve management of diabetes

Evaluation of Stress and Associated Biochemical Changes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity

“…Multiple cross-sectional clinical studies have demonstrated high depression prevalence in T2DM patients. 26 , 29 In similarity, the present study also observed that T2DM obese patients with depression had a lower adiponectin levels compared to T2DM obese patients without depression. Various meta-analyses and clinical studies have indicated that depressive patients have a decreased adiponectin level compared to healthy subjects.…”

“…25 Similar findings were seen in a community-based research and a prospective longitudinal study with a follow-up of three years. 26 , 27 Adiponectin has been suggested to activate the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway, resulting in reduced serum level of glucose. It also has anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties.…”

Increased serum interleukin-9 and interleukin-1β are associated with depression in type 2 diabetes patients

“…Our finding is in line with previous literature. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated a poor QoL in diabetic patients with depression as compared to patients without depression 25 . A similar case-control study showed lower QOL in diabetics with depression as compared to patients without depression 26 .…”

Attenuated brain derived neurotrophic factor and depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A case-control study

“…Additionally, no association between depression and duration of diabetes and HbA1c was found. 19 Further, a cross sectional study revealed higher prevalence of depression in females, less educated and unemployed patients. 23 The present study found significantly lower serum BDNF levels in patients with T2DM than in healthy controls.…”

“…Identical clinical studies have demonstrated a higher prevalence of depression in patients with T2DM. 4,19 A prospective longitudinal study demonstrated higher incidence of depression in patients with diabetes compared to subjects with no diabetes. 20 Further, a recent cross-sectional study demonstrated depressive symptoms to be common in patients with diabetes.…”