Depressive Symptoms and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Golden, Sherita Hill; Williams, Janice E.; Ford, Daniel E.; Yeh, Hsin Chieh; Sanford, Catherine P.; Nieto, F. Javier; Brancati, Frederick L.

doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.429

Cited by 206 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…After careful selection, 11 studies appeared to have studied the relation between depression and onset of type 2 diabetes longitudinally [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Searching the online PsycInfo database yielded no additional studies.…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensitivity and specificity of these measures proved to be acceptable [22]. As a third measure of depression, three studies used semi-depression severity scales: the General Well-Being Depression Scale, the Mental Health Index of the SF-36 and the Vital Exhaustion Scale [11,12,15]. These measures were not designed to measure depression severity but are commonly used as a proximal measure of negative affect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second issue in the method of assessment of depression is that two studies made three categories of depression level [12,16] and one study divided the depression scores into quartiles [15]. This might have influenced our results, as we used the relative risk of the highest vs the lowest group of depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pooled relative risk (95% CI) of studies that did control for undetected diabetes by screening all subjects for high blood glucose [14,15,19] was slightly higher, namely 1.54 (1.07-2.22). The four studies [10][11][12][13] that determined type 2 diabetes at follow-up by means of self-report had a pooled relative risk (95% CI) of 1.32 (0.98-1.78) ( Table 2).…”

Section: Subgroup and Sensitivity Analysesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis: Evidence strongly suggests that depression and type 2 diabetes are associated, but the direction of the association is still unclear. Depression may occur as a consequence of having diabetes, but may also be a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes. This study examined the latter association by reviewing the literature and conducting a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on this topic. Methods: Medline and PsycInfo were searched for articles published up to January 2005. All studies that examined the relationship between depression and the onset of type 2 diabetes were included. Pooled relative risks were calculated using fixed and random effects models. To explore sources of heterogeneity between studies, subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses were performed. Results: Nine studies met our inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk was 1.26 (1.13-1.39) using the fixed effects model and 1.37(1.14-1.63) using the random effects model. Heterogeneity between studies could not be explained by (1) whether studies controlled for undetected diabetes at baseline; (2) the method of diabetes assessment at followup; (3) the baseline overall risk of diabetes in the study population; and (4) follow-up duration. Conclusions/ interpretation: Depressed adults have a 37% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unclear and warrant further research. A randomised controlled study is needed to test whether effective prevention or treatment of depression can reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes and its health consequences.

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Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subgroup and Sensitivity Analysesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis

et al. 2006

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“…Diabetes increases the risk of depression and men with depression are at greater risk for developing diabetes. [5][6][7] Causes underlying the association between depression and diabetes are unclear. The chance of depression increases by increasing in the number of diabetes complications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between comorbidity and erectile dysfunction in patients with diabetes

2005

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The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and its relationship with comorbidity in patients with diabetes. The study population comprised of 312 consecutive patients aged 20 years or over residing in the city of Hamadan in Iran in 2005. Depression was assessed by the modified version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and ED by the short form of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Potential confounding was controlled by stratification and by a logistic regression model. The prevalence of moderate or complete ED (IIEF score p11) was 34% and that of moderate or severe depressive symptoms 30%. Each 1-year increment in diabetes duration was associated with a 10% higher risk of ED. The risk of ED was higher in men with depression (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 10.7, 95% CI 5.4-21.1) and in those with cardiovascular disease (CVD) (OR ¼ 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6). CVD was associated with ED only in elderly men, whereas depression was related to ED in both young and older subjects. The risk of ED was higher in subjects with both depression and CVD (OR ¼ 17.2, 95% CI 6.8-43.1 compared with men free from both diseases). Subjects who consumed fruits weekly or seldom had a higher risk of ED (OR ¼ 3.2) compared with those who consumed daily. Our study shows a strong association between depressive symptoms and ED. The association is much stronger for older men. Depression and CVD may interact with one another in relation to a higher risk of ED. A diet rich in fruits may have a beneficial effect on erectile function.

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Longitudinal Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults

Carnethon¹

2007

Arch Intern Med

152

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Background: Prospective studies indicate that a single self-report of high depressive symptoms is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We tested whether a single report of high depressive symptoms, an increase in depressive symptoms, or persistently high depressive symptoms over time were associated with the development of diabetes in adults 65 years and older. Participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study completed the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) annually from 1989 to 1999. A single report of high depressive symptoms (CES-D score, Ն8), an increase in symptoms during follow-up (Ն5 from baseline), and persistently high symptoms (2 consecutive scores Ն8) were each studied in relation to incident diabetes, defined by initiation of diabetes control medications among participants who were free from diabetes at baseline (n = 4681). Results: The mean CES-D score at baseline was 4.5 (SD, 4.5). The incidence rate of diabetes was 4.4 per 1000 person-years. Following adjustment for baseline demographic characteristics and measures of physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, and C-reactive protein during follow-up, each measure of depressive symptoms was significantly associated with incident diabetes (high baseline CES-D score: hazard ratio, 1.6 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3]; CES-D score increase: hazard ratio, 1.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.2]; and persistently high symptoms: hazard ratio, 1.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3]). Conclusion: Older adults who reported higher depressive symptoms were more likely to develop diabetes than their counterparts; this association was not fully explained by risk factors for diabetes.

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Depressive Symptoms and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Cited by 206 publications

References 40 publications

Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis

Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis

Association between comorbidity and erectile dysfunction in patients with diabetes

Longitudinal Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults

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