Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety Disorder, and Suicide Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pera, Aurel

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572699

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Economic and social consequences [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 22 , 30 ] of pandemic management should be carefully recognized and prevented, for example, by keeping economic and social restrictions and burdens as small as possible and of short duration, as well as finding ways of pandemic management that consider these possible mental health consequences of economic and social restrictions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the post-COVID neurasthenic syndrome [ 3 ] and developments of anxiety [ 1 , 2 ] − which were widely identified secondary health problems during the pandemic − another affect needs to be considered, that is, embitterment [ 4 ]. Embitterment can occur as a reaction to perceived injustice [ 5 ].…”

Section: Injustice and Embitterment Potential During The Corona Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This new reality has been a major burden to many people for about a year now, challenging people's coping capacities and mental health [ 1 ]. This is especially true for people with mental disorders [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Embitterment as a Specific Mental Health Reaction during the Coronavirus Pandemic

2021

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Introduction: Embitterment can occur as a reaction to perceived injustice. During the pandemic and restrictions in daily living due to infection risk management, a range of many smaller or severe injustices have occurred. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate what characterizes persons with high embitterment, mental illness, embitterment and mental illness, and those without embitterment or mental health problems. Methods: We conducted an online survey including persons from the general population in November 2020 and December 2020, the phase during which a second lockdown took place, with closed shops, restaurants, cultural and activity sites. 3,208 participants (mean age 47 years) gave self-ratings on their present well-being, burdens experienced during the pandemic, embitterment, wisdom, and resilience. Results: Embitterment occurred among 16% of the sample, which is a high rate in comparison with 4% during pre-pandemic times. Embitterment was weakly correlated with unspecific mental well-being. There were more persons with embitterment than those with embitterment and a mental health problem. Persons with embitterment reported less coronavirus-related anxiety than persons without embitterment. However, embittered persons reported more social and economic burdens and more frequent experiences of losses (job loss and canceling of medical treatments). Embittered persons perceive their own wisdom competencies on a similar level as persons with mental health problems or persons without mental health problems. Conclusion: Embitterment is a specific potentially alone-standing affective state, which is distinguishable from general mental health and coping capacities (here: wisdom). The economic and social consequences of pandemic management should be carefully recognized and prevented by policy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Injustice and Embitterment Potential During The Corona Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Embitterment as a Specific Mental Health Reaction during the Coronavirus Pandemic

2021

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“…The mental stress of the COVID pandemic has been exacerbated by the feeling of unknown, especially due to the mis-information from the social media [29,30]. The unpredictability of the COVID-19 epidemic progression may have resulted in significant psychological pressure on the populations that were vulnerable to the various stressors [31]. Furthermore, the misinformation from the media was also contributing to these mental stress [32][33][34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Anxiety and Major Depressive Symptoms of General Public in South Korea during the Early COVID-19 Pandemic

Kim¹,

Kang²,

Kim³

2021

International Journal of Mental Health Promotion

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The extent of viral spread and strategies in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic have been different in each country. There are overall increased mental health concerns in many countries but it is unclear what the general public individuals who do not have heighten vulnerability to stressors for existing mental diseases or significant physical illnesses were experiencing during the pandemic. We evaluated the stressors and mental health of general public in South Korea that has a relatively low confirmed cases and deaths. Responses on the on-line survey questions were used to assess the mental and physical symptoms in association with individuals' reported stressors. Individuals with the symptoms of the generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were reported in 58.9%, and major depression (MD) in 23.2%, mostly in minimal to mild degrees, cut-off scores of 5 and 10, respectively by the validated screening tools, GAD-7 and PHQ-9. Both GAD and MD symptoms were in 21.5% of the respondents. The total number of stress had significant association with the scores of GAD-7, PHQ-9, physical symptoms, sleep difficulties and resilience (p < 0.01). GAD scores were also associated with sleep difficulties (p < 0.01) and raising young children (p < 0.05). MD scores were associated with sleep difficulties, job-dissatisfaction, and educational level (p < 0.05). The limitations of the study include small sample size, usage of smartphone or email, potential under-reporting by stigma in the socio-cultural context and evolving nature of pandemic. We conclude that keeping careful watch for mental symptoms, stressors, sleep difficulties and other physical symptoms are important even for the individuals without previous mental illnesses during the pandemic era.

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“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the restrictions imposed on people's daily lives due to infection risk management, a range of many smaller or severe injustices have occurred. Beside the often-discussed increased rates of general mental health load during the pandemic [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], embitterment should be taken into consideration. We investigated how frequently embitterment is occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Embitterment in the General Population after Nine Months of COVID-19 Pandemic

Muschalla

Vollborn

Sondhof

2021

Psychother Psychosom

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Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety Disorder, and Suicide Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 21 publications

References 68 publications

Embitterment as a Specific Mental Health Reaction during the Coronavirus Pandemic

Embitterment as a Specific Mental Health Reaction during the Coronavirus Pandemic

Generalized Anxiety and Major Depressive Symptoms of General Public in South Korea during the Early COVID-19 Pandemic

Embitterment in the General Population after Nine Months of COVID-19 Pandemic

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