Deprivation, low birth weight, and children's height: a comparison between rural and urban areas.

Reading, Richard; Raybould, Simon; Jarvis, Suzanne

doi:10.1136/bmj.307.6917.1458

Cited by 63 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Social epidemiologists have reported stark differences between neighborhoods in age-adjusted mortality rates, with the residents of impoverished areas being much more likely to die young (51,59,98). Several ecological studies likewise revealed higher mortality rates and worse health in geographic aggregates characterized by widespread deprivation or concentrated disadvantage (37,97,101,105,115,122). These findings raise the possibility that characteristics of shared physical or social environments may make important contributions to individual health.…”

Section: Questions About Multilevel Etiologymentioning

confidence: 78%

Statistical and Substantive Inferences in Public Health: Issues in the Application of Multilevel Models

Bingenheimer

Raudenbush

2004

Annu. Rev. Public Health

145

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s Abstract Multilevel statistical models have become increasingly popular among public health researchers over the past decade. Yet the enthusiasm with which these models are being adopted may obscure rather than solve some problems of statistical and substantive inference. We discuss the three most common applications of multilevel models in public health: (a) cluster-randomized trials, (b) observational studies of the multilevel etiology of health and disease, and (c) assessments of health care provider performance. In each area of investigation, we describe how multilevel models are being applied, comment on the validity of the statistical and substantive inferences being drawn, and suggest ways in which the strengths of multilevel models might be more fully exploited. We conclude with a call for more careful thinking about multilevel causal inference.

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Section: Questions About Multilevel Etiologymentioning

confidence: 78%

Statistical and Substantive Inferences in Public Health: Issues in the Application of Multilevel Models

Bingenheimer

Raudenbush

2004

Annu. Rev. Public Health

145

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“…The evidence on quality of care, however, suggests that service accessibility is poorer in rural areas [1,2]. While health services in urban settings may be within relatively easy reach, patients in rural areas often have to travel long distances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating urban–rural disparities in tuberculosis treatment outcome in England and Wales

Abubakar¹,

Crofts²,

Gelb³

et al. 2007

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) and the outcome of treatment between TB patients living in urban and rural areas. Cases of TB reported from 2001 to 2003 in England and Wales were assigned to a rural or urban area classification. The outcome of interest, non-completion of treatment, was investigated to determine the odds ratio for urban vs. rural residence. The effects of age, sex, ethnicity, place of birth, time since arrival in the United Kingdom, disease site, isoniazid resistance and previous diagnosis were adjusted for by multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios showed a significantly higher level of treatment non-completion in rural areas. These results became non-significant (OR 1 . 02, 95 % CI 0 . 83-1 . 26, P=0 . 82) after adjusting for the confounding effects of ethnic group and age. In England and Wales residence in a rural location is not an independent determinant of TB treatment outcome failure.

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“…These studies have looked at the relation between living in an area with a certain set of socioeconomic characteristics and (a) mortality risk, (b) morbidity, and (c) health behaviors. These studies have reported an association between area socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality (2,10,11,16,25,27,32,36,42,47,61,66,69,70,86,110,113), cardiovascular mortality (41,60,63,72), infant mortality (14,73), suicide (31), birth weight (82,117), neural tube defects (115), cardiovascular diseases (20), long-term limiting illness (3,16,98), chronic conditions (24,85), disability (7,46), depression (126), child health outcomes (81), pediatric injury (23), chronic disease symptoms (17,37,44,77), smoking (55), and physical activity (125). Although the majority of these studies showed an association, there are a few that reported no association between community SES and morbidity (43) and some that showed an indefinite association with child pedestrian injury and low birth weight (8,84,…”

Section: Community Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Social Environment and Health: A Discussion of the Epidemiologic Literature

Yen

Syme

1999

Annu. Rev. Public Health

498

304

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The environment can be thought of in terms of physical and social dimensions. The social environment includes the groups to which we belong, the neighborhoods in which we live, the organization of our workplaces, and the policies we create to order our lives. There have been recent reports in the literature that the social environment is associated with disease and mortality risks, independent of individual risk factors. These findings suggest that the social environment influences disease pathways. Yet much remains to be learned about the social environment, including how to understand, define, and measure it. The research that needs to be done could benefit from a long tradition in sociology and sociological research that has examined the urban environment, social areas, social disorganization, and social control. We summarize this sociological literature and discuss its relevance to epidemiologic research.

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Deprivation, low birth weight, and children's height: a comparison between rural and urban areas.

Cited by 63 publications

References 15 publications

Statistical and Substantive Inferences in Public Health: Issues in the Application of Multilevel Models

Statistical and Substantive Inferences in Public Health: Issues in the Application of Multilevel Models

Investigating urban–rural disparities in tuberculosis treatment outcome in England and Wales

The Social Environment and Health: A Discussion of the Epidemiologic Literature

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