Depth-dependent biomechanical and biochemical properties of fetal, newborn, and tissue-engineered articular cartilage

Klein, Travis J.; Chaudhry, Manu; Bae, Won C.; Sah, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.11.002

Cited by 140 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Loss of GAG is one of the earliest events in cartilage degeneration. Histologically, the articular cartilage has a zonal organization where both the GAG content and structure of the collagen fibrils vary through the depth of the tissue [9,16,20]. In normal articular cartilage there are three major zones based on the orientation of collagen fibers: superficial, mid-, and deep layer [29], which can be distinguished on MR images [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Periacetabular Osteotomy Have Depth-related Effects on the Articular Cartilage of the Hip?

Hingsammer

Miller

Millis

et al. 2015

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background Osteoarthritis may result from abnormal mechanics leading to biochemically mediated degradation of cartilage. In a dysplastic hip, the periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is designed to normalize the mechanics and our initial analysis suggests that it may also alter the cartilage biochemical composition. Articular cartilage structure and biology vary with the depth from the articular surface including the concentration of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), which are the charge macromolecules that are rapidly turned over and are lost in early osteoarthritis. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) enables noninvasive measurement of cartilage GAG content. The dGEMRIC index represents an indirect measure of GAG concentration with lower values indicating less GAG content. GAG content can normally vary with mechanical loading; however, progressive loss of GAG is associated with osteoarthritis. By looking at the changes in amounts of GAG in response to a PAO at different depths of cartilage, we may gain further insights into the types of biologic events that are occurring in the joint after a PAO. Questions/purposes We (1) measured the GAG content in the superficial and deep zones for the entire joint before and after PAO; and (2) investigated if the changes in the superficial and deep zone GAG content after PAO varied with different locations within the joint. Methods This prospective study included 37 hips in 37 patients (mean age 26 ± 9 years) who were treated with periacetabular osteotomy for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia and had preoperative and 1-year follow up dGEMRIC scans. Twenty-eight of the 37 also had 2-year scans. Patients were eligible if they had symptomatic acetabular dysplasia with lateral center-edge angle \ 20°a nd no or minimal osteoarthritis. The change in dGEMRIC after surgery was assessed in the superficial and deep cartilage zones at five acetabular radial planes. Results The mean ± SD dGEMRIC index in the superficial zone fell from 480 ± 137 msec preoperatively to 409 ± 119 msec at Year 1 (95% confidence interval [CI], À87 to À54; p \0.001) and recovered to 451 ± 115 msec at Year 2 (95% CI, 34-65; p \ 0.001), suggesting that there is a transient event that causes the biologically sensitive superficial layer to lose GAG. In the deep acetabular cartilage zone, dGEMRIC index fell from 527 ± 148 msec preoperatively to 468 ± 143 msec at Year 1 (95% CI, À66 to À30; p\0.001) and recovered to 494 ± 125 msec at Year 2 (95% CI, 5-32; p = 0.008). When each acetabular radial plane was looked at separately, the change from before surgery to 1 year after was confined to zones around the superior part of the joint.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Periacetabular Osteotomy Have Depth-related Effects on the Articular Cartilage of the Hip?

Hingsammer

Miller

Millis

et al. 2015

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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“…Each can be distinguished based on differences in morphology (Aydelotte and Kuettner, 1988;Jadin et al, 2005;Kuettner et al, 1991), content of glycosaminoglycans , collagen (Nieminen et al, 2001), water , and mineral (Burr, 2004). The zonal differences in organization and biochemical content are directly associated with depth-dependant changes in biomechanical and bioelectrical tissue properties (Chen et al, 2001;Klein et al, 2007;Krishnan et al, 2003;Schinagl et al, 1997). This association is relevant both scientifically and clinically because current strategies for repair of traumatic cartilage lesions attempt to utilize the depth-dependent organization of articular cartilage (Klein et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The zonal differences in organization and biochemical content are directly associated with depth-dependant changes in biomechanical and bioelectrical tissue properties (Chen et al, 2001;Klein et al, 2007;Krishnan et al, 2003;Schinagl et al, 1997). This association is relevant both scientifically and clinically because current strategies for repair of traumatic cartilage lesions attempt to utilize the depth-dependent organization of articular cartilage (Klein et al, 2007). Additionally, engineering of layered tissues raises the hope to improve the wear characteristics of surrogate tissues and avert or postpone the frequent development of secondary osteoarthritis (OA) (Davis et al, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct horizontal patterns in the spatial organization of superficial zone chondrocytes of human joints

Rolauffs

Williams

Grodzinsky

et al. 2008

Journal of Structural Biology

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A better understanding of the unique cellular and functional properties of the superficial zone of articular cartilage may aid current strategies in tissue engineering which attempts a layered design for the repair of cartilage lesions to avert or postpone the onset of osteoarthritis. However, data pertaining to the cellular organization of non-degenerated superficial zone of articular cartilage is not available for most human joints. The present study analyzed the arrangement of chondrocytes of non-degenerated human joints (shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle) by using fluorescence microscopy of the superficial zone in a top-down view. The resulting horizontal chondrocyte arrangements were tested for randomness, homogeneity or a significant grouping via point pattern analysis and were correlated with the joint type in which they occurred. The present study demonstrated that human superficial chondrocytes occurred in four distinct patterns of strings, clusters, pairs or single chondrocytes. Those patterns represented a significant grouping (p<0.0001) with horizontal alignment. Each articular joint surface was dominated by only one of these four patterns (p<0.001). Specific patterns correlated with specific diarthrodial joint types (p<0.001). Further studies need to establish whether these organizational patterns are a consequence of their surrounding environment or whether they are linked to a functional purpose.

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“…Thus, the effect of postnatal collagen reorientation is the (further) development of depth-dependent mechanical properties in AC. These depth-dependent mechanical properties of AC are thought to be important for the adult functions of AC [8,12,54,55]. In the current study, collagen density increases most in the deep cartilage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Postnatal development of depth-dependent collagen density in ovine articular cartilage

et al. 2010

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BackgroundArticular cartilage (AC) is the layer of tissue that covers the articulating ends of the bones in diarthrodial joints. Adult AC is characterised by a depth-dependent composition and structure of the extracellular matrix that results in depth-dependent mechanical properties, important for the functions of adult AC. Collagen is the most abundant solid component and it affects the mechanical behaviour of AC. The current objective is to quantify the postnatal development of depth-dependent collagen density in sheep (Ovis aries) AC between birth and maturity. We use Fourier transform infra-red micro-spectroscopy to investigate collagen density in 48 sheep divided over ten sample points between birth (stillborn) and maturity (72 weeks). In each animal, we investigate six anatomical sites (caudal, distal and rostral locations at the medial and lateral side of the joint) in the distal metacarpus of a fore leg and a hind leg.ResultsCollagen density increases from birth to maturity up to our last sample point (72 weeks). Collagen density increases at the articular surface from 0.23 g/ml ± 0.06 g/ml (mean ± s.d., n = 48) at 0 weeks to 0.51 g/ml ± 0.10 g/ml (n = 46) at 72 weeks. Maximum collagen density in the deeper cartilage increases from 0.39 g/ml ± 0.08 g/ml (n = 48) at 0 weeks to 0.91 g/ml ± 0.13 g/ml (n = 46) at 72 weeks. Most collagen density profiles at 0 weeks (85%) show a valley, indicating a minimum, in collagen density near the articular surface. At 72 weeks, only 17% of the collagen density profiles show a valley in collagen density near the articular surface. The fraction of profiles with this valley stabilises at 36 weeks.ConclusionsCollagen density in articular cartilage increases in postnatal life with depth-dependent variation, and does not stabilize up to 72 weeks, the last sample point in our study. We find strong evidence for a valley in collagen densities near the articular surface that is present in the youngest animals, but that has disappeared in the oldest animals. We discuss that the retardance valley (as seen with polarised light microscopy) in perinatal animals reflects a decrease in collagen density, as well as a decrease in collagen fibril anisotropy.

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Depth-dependent biomechanical and biochemical properties of fetal, newborn, and tissue-engineered articular cartilage

Cited by 140 publications

References 46 publications

Does Periacetabular Osteotomy Have Depth-related Effects on the Articular Cartilage of the Hip?

Does Periacetabular Osteotomy Have Depth-related Effects on the Articular Cartilage of the Hip?

Distinct horizontal patterns in the spatial organization of superficial zone chondrocytes of human joints

Postnatal development of depth-dependent collagen density in ovine articular cartilage

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