Depth of origin of magma in eruptions

Becerril, Laura; Galindo, Inés; Guðmundsson, Ágúst; Morales, José

doi:10.1038/srep02762

Cited by 87 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…1). The overpressure (driving pressure) in the dike at 10 km depth in the crust could then easily be tens of megapascal (Gudmundsson 2011;Becerril et al 2013), but we use the conservative estimate of 10 MPa.…”

Section: Stress Effects Of the Dike On Nearby Volcanoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dike emplacement at Bardarbunga, Iceland, induces unusual stress changes, caldera deformation, and earthquakes

et al. 2014

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A 45-km-long regional dike was emplaced over a period of 2 weeks in August 2014 at the boundary between the East and North Volcanic Zones in Iceland. This is the first regional dike emplacement in Iceland monitored with modern geophysical networks, the importance of which relates to regional dikes feeding most of the large fissure (e.g., Eldgja 934 and Laki 1783) and lava shield (e.g. early Holocene Skjaldbreidur and Trölladyngja) eruptions. During this time, the dike generated some 17,000 earthquakes, more than produced in Iceland as a whole over a normal year. The dike initiated close to the Bardarbunga Volcano but gradually extended to the northeast until it crossed the boundary between the East Volcanic Zone (EVZ) and the North Volcanic Zone (NVZ). We infer that the strike of the dike changes abruptly at a point, from about N45°E (coinciding with the trend of the EVZ) to N15°E (coinciding with the trend of the NVZ). This change in strike occurs at latitude 64.7°, exactly the same latitude at which about 10 Ma dikes in East Iceland change strike in a similar way. This suggests that the change in the regional stress field from the southern to the northern part of Iceland has been maintained at this latitude for 10 million years. Analytical and numerical models indicate that the dikeinduced stress field results in stress concentration around faults and particularly shallow magma chambers and calderas in its vicinity, such as Tungnafellsjökull, Kverkfjöll, and Askja. In particular, the dike has induced high compressive, shear, and tensile stresses at the location of the Bardarbunga shallow chamber and (caldera) ring-fault where numerous earthquakes occurred during the dike emplacement, many of which have exceeded M5 (the largest M5.7). The first segment of the dike induced high tensile stresses in the nearby part of the Bardarbunga magma chamber/ring-fault resulting in radially outward injection of a dike from the chamber at a high angle to the strike of the regional dike. The location of maximum stress at Bardarbunga fluctuates along the chamber/ ring-fault boundary in harmony with dike size and/or pressure changes and encourages ring-dike formation and associated magma flow within the chamber. Caldera collapse and/or eruption in some of these volcanoes is possible, most likely in Bardarbunga, but depends largely on the future development of the regional dike.

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Section: Stress Effects Of the Dike On Nearby Volcanoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dike emplacement at Bardarbunga, Iceland, induces unusual stress changes, caldera deformation, and earthquakes

et al. 2014

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“…This simple graphic, in the bottom left side of the map, shows the location of the island's magma plumbing system. It was compiled using mathematical (Becerril, Galindo, Gudmundsson, & Morales, 2013b), petrological (Martí et al, 2013a(Martí et al, , 2013bMeletlidis et al, 2012), and geophysical information (Domínguez Cerdeña, del Fresno, & Gomis Moreno, 2014; Gorbatikov et al, 2013;González et al, 2013;López et al, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten dykes were identified as feeder dykes, that is, dykes directly connected to their eruptive fissures (Becerril et al, 2013b (Figure 4(d)). They contain vesicles which increase in size and number towards the surface, and even contain cavities (less than 1 m size) at their very top.…”

Section: Dykesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volcano-structure of El Hierro (Canary Islands)

Becerril

Arnedo

Morales³

et al. 2016

Journal of Maps

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The first complete volcano-structural map of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) has been developed in order to provide a tool for volcano-tectonic analyses and volcanic hazard evaluation on the island. This map is a synthesis of collated and interpreted field data and bathymetric maps. We have integrated information obtained from: (1) high-resolution digital elevation models, (2) bathymetric information, (3) topographic, geologic and geomorphological maps, (4) aerial photographs and orthoimages, (5) previous reports and scientific publications, and (6) new detailed field surveys. The 1:100,000-scale map includes the main volcano-structural elements such as vents, eruptive fissures, dykes, faults, and landslides scars. This information has been used for analysing the volcano-tectonic evolution of El Hierro and for estimating the probability of new vent opening on the island (i.e. volcanic susceptibility). We expect that this map will underpin future geological studies and future volcanic risk assessment. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…We show different plots with the evolution of the magma overpressure at the dyke tip (in blue) propagating up from the reservoir roof (at 5, 15, 25, and 40 km depth) through the crust. Using Equations (4) and (5) we have calculated the corresponding minimum size of the reservoir at different heights of the dyke (in red) for a common priori magma injection Vr = 1.0 × 10 8 m 3 , which represents the maximum value of intrusions associated with the historical eruptions in the Canary Islands (Becerril et al, 2013b). As excess pressure, p e , at the time of hydrofracturing formation is normally equal to the tensile strength of the rock (Gudmundsson, 2012), we used a constant = 3 MPa, that represents the most common value of the crustal rocks tensile strength (Gudmundsson, 2012).…”

Section: Dynamics and Mechanics Of Sheets Intrusions In The Lithospherementioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Controls of Monogenetic Volcanism: A Review

et al. 2016

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The factors controlling the preparation of volcanic eruptions in monogenetic fields are still poorly understood. The fact that in monogenetic volcanism each eruption has a different vent suggests that volcanic susceptibility has a high degree of randomness, so that accurate forecasting is subjected to a very high uncertainty. Recent studies on monogenetic volcanism reveal how sensitive magma migration is to the existence of changes in the stress field caused by regional and/or local tectonics or rheological contrasts (stratigraphic discontinuities). These stress variations may induce changes in the pattern of further movements of magma, thus conditioning the location of future eruptions. This implies that a precise knowledge of the stress configuration and distribution of rheological and structural discontinuities at crustal level of such volcanic systems would aid in forecasting monogenetic volcanism. This contribution reviews several basic concepts relative to the stress controls of magma transport into the brittle lithosphere, and uses this information to explain how magma migrates inside monogenetic volcanic systems and how it prepares to trigger a new eruption.

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Depth of origin of magma in eruptions

Cited by 87 publications

References 30 publications

Dike emplacement at Bardarbunga, Iceland, induces unusual stress changes, caldera deformation, and earthquakes

Dike emplacement at Bardarbunga, Iceland, induces unusual stress changes, caldera deformation, and earthquakes

Volcano-structure of El Hierro (Canary Islands)

Stress Controls of Monogenetic Volcanism: A Review

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