Depth prediction of nanotags in tissue using surface enhanced spatially offset Raman scattering (SESORS)

Berry, Matthew E; McCabe, Samantha M; Shand, Neil C.; Graham, Duncan; Faulds, Karen

doi:10.1039/d1cc04455a

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It has previously been established that ratiometric analysis of the subsurface NPs versus the surface tissue Raman intensities, I NP / I Tis , is useful for providing information about the depth of NPs within tissue in SESORS measurements. , When the depth of the NPs is varied and the offset is fixed, this analysis technique can be used to calibrate the Raman intensity of the NPs against the depth using log-linear regression, and when the offset is varied and the depth is fixed, it allows for different depths to be probed within the NP/tissue system. Therefore, it would be highly advantageous to apply ratiometric analysis to SESORS imaging to not only allow for determination of the location of a SERS-active inclusion, and hence a disease state, in the x , y -imaging plane but also gain information about the inclusion location in the z -axis, that is, the depth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has the potential to be a new methodology for detecting the location of a NP inclusion in the 2D x , y -imaging plane using the ring-collection offset to remove image drag and in the z -depth plane by altering the magnitude of the ring-collection offset. Unlike an alternative method developed by the authors that requires internal calibration of the NP SERS intensity, this technique would not require prior knowledge of the NP location because it is primarily affected by the parameters of the optical setup . However, associating a specific depth in a quantitative manner with experimental observables would still require knowledge of the optical properties of the tissue and parallel photon propagation simulations because the relationship between the spatial offset magnitude and the penetration depth of the laser has been previously found to be dependent on the scattering properties of the sample matrix …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike an alternative method developed by the authors that requires internal calibration of the NP SERS intensity, this technique would not require prior knowledge of the NP location because it is primarily affected by the parameters of the optical setup. 28 However, associating a specific depth in a quantitative manner with experimental observables would still require knowledge of the optical properties of the tissue and parallel photon propagation simulations because the relationship between the spatial offset magnitude and the penetration depth of the laser has been Figure 5. Probing through tissue in three dimensions using ratiometric imaging and a variable ring-collection offset.…”

Section: Materials Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Tomographic Imaging and Localization of Nanoparticles in Tissue Using Surface-Enhanced Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy

Berry

McCabe

Sloan-Dennison

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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A fundamental question crucial to surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS) imaging and implementing it in a clinical setting for in vivo diagnostic purposes is whether a SESORS image can be used to determine the exact location of an object within tissue? To address this question, multiple experimental factors pertaining to the optical setup in imaging experiments using an in-house-built point-collection-based spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) system were investigated to determine those critical to the three-dimensional (3D) positioning capability of SESORS. Here, we report the effects of the spatial offset magnitude and geometry on locating nanoparticles (NPs) mixed with silica powder as an imaging target through tissue and outline experimental techniques to allow for the correct interpretation of SESORS images to ascertain the correct location of NPs in the two-dimensional x, y-imaging plane at depth. More specifically, the effect of “linear offset-induced image drag” is presented, which refers to a spatial distortion in SESORS images caused by the magnitude and direction of the linear offset and highlight the need for an annular SORS collection geometry during imaging to neutralize these asymmetric effects. Additionally, building on these principles, the concept of “ratiometric SESORS imaging” is introduced for the location of buried inclusions in three dimensions. Together these principles are vital in developing a methodology for the location of surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active inclusions in three dimensions. This approach utilizes the relationship between the magnitude of the spatial offset, the probed depth, and ratiometric analysis of the NP and tissue Raman intensities to ultimately image and spatially discriminate between two distinct NP flavors buried at different depths within a 3D model for the first time. This research demonstrates how to accurately identify multiple objects at depth in tissue and their location using SESORS which addresses a key capability in moving SESORS closer to use in biomedical applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Tomographic Imaging and Localization of Nanoparticles in Tissue Using Surface-Enhanced Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy

Berry

McCabe

Sloan-Dennison

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

Self Cite

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“…BPE) could allow detection through 8 mm of porcine bone, using a 785 nm laser with 2-3 mm backscattered SORS offset. Faulds and co-workers 9 , 22 have systematically shown the design and application of NIR-absorbing SERS labels for resonant SESORS with 830 nm laser excitation. They have reported PCA-distinguishable detection from a significant depth of 48 mm 19 of porcine tissue when using an 8 mm offset with a commercial SORS set-up.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface enhanced deep Raman detection of cancer tumour through 71 mm of heterogeneous tissue

Dey¹,

Vaideanu²,

Mosca³

et al. 2022

Nanotheranostics

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Detection of solid tumours through tissue- from depths relevant to humans- has been a significant challenge for biomedical Raman spectroscopy. The combined use of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging agents with deep Raman spectroscopy (DRS), i.e., surface enhanced deep Raman spectroscopy (SEDRS), offer prospects for overcoming such obstacles. In this study, we investigated the maximum detection depth through which the retrieval of SERS signal of a passively targeted biphenyl-4-thiol tagged gold nanoparticle (NP) imaging agent, injected subcutaneously into a mouse bearing breast cancer tumour, was possible. A compact 830 nm set-up with a hand-held probe and the flexibility of switching between offset, transmission and conventional Raman modalities was developed for this study. In vivo injection of the above SERS NP primary dose allowed surface tumour detection, whereas additional post mortem NP booster dose was required for detection of deeply seated tumours through heterogeneous animal tissue (comprising of proteins, fat, bone, organs, blood, and skin). The highest detection depth of 71 mm was probed using transmission, translating into a ~40% increase in detection depth compared to earlier reports. Such improvements in detection depth along with the inherent Raman chemical sensitivity brings SEDRS one step closer to future clinical cancer imaging technology.

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“…In this way, the SORS setup suppresses the background signal at the superficial layers and therefore increases the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio of signals from deep layers. [13,14,[16][17][18][19][20] The non-invasive in vivo detection of glioblastoma tumor through a mouse skull has been reported using the SORS technique. [17] A special form of the spatial offset Raman setup is transmission Raman spectroscopy (TRS), which places the laser and the Raman detector on the two sides of the sample.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Surface‐Enhanced Transmission Raman Spectroscopy under Maximum Permissible Exposure: Toward Photosafe Detection of Deep‐Seated Tumors

et al. 2022

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The detection of deep‐seated lesions is of great significance for biomedical applications. However, due to the strong photon absorption and scattering of biological tissues, it is challenging to realize in vivo deep optical detections, particularly for those using the safe laser irradiance below clinical maximum permissible exposure (MPE). In this work, the combination of ultra‐bright surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags and transmission Raman spectroscopy (TRS) is reported to achieve the non‐invasive and photosafe detection of “phantom” lesions deeply hidden in biological tissues, under the guidance of theoretical calculations showing the importance of SERS nanotags’ brightness and the expansion of laser beam size. Using a home‐built TRS system with a laser power density of 0.264 W cm−2 (below the MPE criteria), we successfully demonstrated the detection of SERS nanotags through up to 14‐cm‐thick ex vivo porcine tissues, as well as in vivo imaging of “phantom” lesions labeled by SERS nanotags in a 1.5‐cm‐thick unshaved mouse under MPE. This work highlights the potential of transmission Raman‐guided identification and non‐invasive imaging toward clinically photosafe cancer diagnoses.

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Depth prediction of nanotags in tissue using surface enhanced spatially offset Raman scattering (SESORS)

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Tomographic Imaging and Localization of Nanoparticles in Tissue Using Surface-Enhanced Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy

Tomographic Imaging and Localization of Nanoparticles in Tissue Using Surface-Enhanced Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy

Surface enhanced deep Raman detection of cancer tumour through 71 mm of heterogeneous tissue

In Vivo Surface‐Enhanced Transmission Raman Spectroscopy under Maximum Permissible Exposure: Toward Photosafe Detection of Deep‐Seated Tumors

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