Der Säuremantel der Haut (Nach Gaskettenmessungen)

Schade, H.; Marchionini, Alfred

doi:10.1007/bf01711684

Cited by 140 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…4E). These results suggested that rmSASP15 is the active form of SASPase and has a weakly acidic pH optimum that is close to the physiological pH of the stratum corneum (SC) (23,24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In other words, the extracellular space of the SC is surrounded by continuous tight junctions in the granular layer, and intracellular lipids in the cornified cell layer that together form the limited space. It is well known that this space shows a weakly acidic pH, the so-called acidic mantle (23,24). Considering that mSASP15 has a weakly acidic pH optimum, SASPase precursor (mSASP32) is possibly autoprocessed by a concentration-dependent dimerization within the weakly acidic limited space of the SC, and subsequently the active form of mSASP (mSASP15) was produced, which is then able to cleave certain substrates in the SC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mouse Homologue of Skin-specific Retroviral-like Aspartic Protease Involved in Wrinkle Formation

Matsui

Kinoshita-Ida

Hayashi-Kisumi

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Retroviral proteases are encoded in the retroviral genome and are responsible for maturation and assembly of infectious virus particles. A number of retroviral protease sequences with retroviral elements are integrated in every eukaryotic genome as endogenous retroviruses. Recently, retroviral-like aspartic proteases that were not embedded within endogenous retroviral elements were identified throughout the eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. However, the physiological role of this novel protease family, especially in mammals, is not known. During the high throughput in situ hybridization screening of mouse epidermis, as a granular layerexpressing clone, we identified a mouse homologue of SASPase (Skin ASpartic Protease), a recently identified retroviral-like aspartic protease. We detected and purified the endogenous 32-kDa (mSASP32) and 15-kDa (mSASP15) forms of mSASP from mouse stratum corneum extracts and determined their amino acid sequences. Next, we bacterially produced recombinant mSASP15 via autoprocessing of GST-mSASP32. Purified recombinant mSASP15 cleaved a quenched fluorogenic peptide substrate, designed from the autoprocessing site for mSASP32 maximally at pH 5.77, which is close to the pH of the epidermal surface. Finally, we generated mSASP-deficient mice that at 5 weeks of age showed fine wrinkles that ran parallel on the lateral trunk without apparent epidermal differentiation defects. These results indicate that the retroviral-like aspartic protease, SASPase, is involved in prevention of fine wrinkle formation via activation in a weakly acidic stratum corneum environment. This study provides the first evidence that retroviral-like aspartic protease is functionally important in mammalian tissue organization.

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“…4E). These results suggested that rmSASP15 is the active form of SASPase and has a weakly acidic pH optimum that is close to the physiological pH of the stratum corneum (SC) (23,24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse Homologue of Skin-specific Retroviral-like Aspartic Protease Involved in Wrinkle Formation

Matsui

Kinoshita-Ida

Hayashi-Kisumi

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The overall skin pH on the forearm in healthy individuals is 5.4–5.9, that is, slightly acidic, contributing to an optimal barrier function of the skin [31-33]. The literature shows that in AD, the skin pH is slightly increased compared to that of the skin of healthy individuals even in uninvolved skin areas [31-35].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of Free Amino Acids and Urea Derived from Isolated Corneocytes of Healthy Young, Healthy Aged, and Diseased Skin

Hussain¹,

Ziegler²,

Hause³

et al. 2019

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background/Aims: Free amino acids (FAAs) and urea, present inside the corneocytes, can be important indicators of skin condition. However, due to the lack of a standard extraction protocol for FAAs from corneocytes, conflicting research results have been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (1) to standardize the extraction protocol and (2) to investigate FAA profiles in healthy young and healthy old volunteers, as well as in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients. Methods: Skin samples were collected from four groups (healthy young, healthy old, and psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients) with 5 volunteers per group. Corneocytes were isolated and examined microscopically. FAAs and urea were extracted from the isolated corneocytes, and their amounts were quantified using LC-ESI/MS/MS (after derivatization with Fmoc-Cl) and colorimetric methods, respectively. Results: The micrographs of the corneocytes showed no morphological features attributable to age or disease conditions. The highest and lowest concentrations of total FAAs and urea were observed in the healthy old group and the healthy young group, respectively. Unlike the other FAAs and urea, citrulline was found at a higher level in the healthy young group than in the disease groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that the levels of FAAs and urea in the skin are affected by age and skin conditions (healthy/diseased). However, further studies are needed to show the effects of different skin conditions on the levels of FAAs and urea.

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“…Friberg then pointed out that the model would form bilayer after taking into consideration of some important factors. The most important factor is the pH of the skin [22][23] . The pH of a normal and healthy skin is in the range of 4.2 -6.0.…”

Section: Liquid Crystalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin and Liquid Crystal: A brief review on their similarities

Suhaimi¹,

Rose²

2016

Orient. J. Chem

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Looking oneself directly into a mirror and what does one see? The answer is of course one's face. Taking good care of ones skin is synonymous to beauty and healthy life style. However, beauty last only as thick as a skin layer so the saying goes. While, liquid crystal, as the name implies, it looks like a crystal but flow like a liquid. Thus, how does this stucture called liquid crystal relate to skin and beauty? As most of us are aware skin and liquid crystal all around us, be it naturally or in technological applications. Our body body are covered with skin and liquid crystals. Surprise as it may seem but that is a fact, albeit peculiar to some. Classic example of natural liquid crystals are protein and cell membranes, while in industrial application such as electronic devices, for instance, screen of our laptop, digital watches and latest application in cosmeceuticals that is liquid crystal crystal emulsion. The question now arise is how does skin relate to liquid crystal? Why is it that this structure is crucial to the structure and function of skin? How does it relate to the delivery system of active ingredients which is important in many cosmeceuticals product? This paper will provide a brief review on the relationship of these two entities and present some work done in this area of interest. A model for the lipids of the top most layer of the skin namely stratum corneum will be highlighted.

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Der Säuremantel der Haut (Nach Gaskettenmessungen)

Cited by 140 publications

References 0 publications

Mouse Homologue of Skin-specific Retroviral-like Aspartic Protease Involved in Wrinkle Formation

Mouse Homologue of Skin-specific Retroviral-like Aspartic Protease Involved in Wrinkle Formation

Quantitative Analysis of Free Amino Acids and Urea Derived from Isolated Corneocytes of Healthy Young, Healthy Aged, and Diseased Skin

Skin and Liquid Crystal: A brief review on their similarities

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