Der Vogel als automatisch sich steuerndes Flugzeug

Groebbels, Franz

doi:10.1007/bf01506485

Cited by 135 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…One advantage of fixating gaze through head orientation, as most birds do (Land, 1999 ), rather than by optical nystagmus of the eyes with respect to the head, as in humans and many other animals (Land, 1999 ), is that a stationary head may enable cervical sensors to provide information about the orientation of the body relative to the surroundings. Fast and robust control could be achieved by using cervical feedback as a single control input to steering muscles, as suggested by Groebbels ( 1929 ), effectively integrating visual and vestibular information. Alternatively, cervical feedback could be used to transform steering directions relative to the head into steering directions relative to the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, reflexes related to cervical and vestibular systems in normal and labyrinthectomized hand-held pigeons led to comparing the flight control system of birds to the autopilot of an airplane. From such studies, Groebbels ( 1926 , 1929 ) proposed that birds control body motion by tracking head motion, essentially “following their turning heads.” In support of this hypothesis, certain wing and tail muscles in the pigeon react to vestibular stimulation, angular visual stimulation, and passive or active lateral head deflections when under simulated flight conditions (Bilo and Bilo, 1978 , 1983 ). Observations of maneuvering pigeons, zebra finches, and lovebirds provide further evidence that head stabilization likely plays a role in flight control (Bilo et al, 1985 ; Davies and Green, 1988 ; Warrick et al, 2002 ; Eckmeier et al, 2008 ; Kress et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pigeons (C. livia) Follow Their Head during Turning Flight: Head Stabilization Underlies the Visual Control of Flight

Ros

Biewener

2017

Front. Neurosci.

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Similar flight control principles operate across insect and vertebrate fliers. These principles indicate that robust solutions have evolved to meet complex behavioral challenges. Following from studies of visual and cervical feedback control of flight in insects, we investigate the role of head stabilization in providing feedback cues for controlling turning flight in pigeons. Based on previous observations that the eyes of pigeons remain at relatively fixed orientations within the head during flight, we test potential sensory control inputs derived from head and body movements during 90° aerial turns. We observe that periods of angular head stabilization alternate with rapid head repositioning movements (head saccades), and confirm that control of head motion is decoupled from aerodynamic and inertial forces acting on the bird's continuously rotating body during turning flapping flight. Visual cues inferred from head saccades correlate with changes in flight trajectory; whereas the magnitude of neck bending predicts angular changes in body position. The control of head motion to stabilize a pigeon's gaze may therefore facilitate extraction of important motion cues, in addition to offering mechanisms for controlling body and wing movements. Strong similarities between the sensory flight control of birds and insects may also inspire novel designs of robust controllers for human-engineered autonomous aerial vehicles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pigeons (C. livia) Follow Their Head during Turning Flight: Head Stabilization Underlies the Visual Control of Flight

Ros

Biewener

2017

Front. Neurosci.

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“…Field observations of flying birds have led to the hypothesis that a "flying bird follows its beak" (Groebbels, 1929). A study on stationary pigeons demonstrated that there are neck reflexes on wing and tail muscles that cause coordinated movements of wing and tail feathers with deflection of the pigeon's head (Bilo and Bilo, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steering by Hearing: A Bat’s Acoustic Gaze Is Linked to Its Flight Motor Output by a Delayed, Adaptive Linear Law

Ghose

Moss²

2006

J. Neurosci.

113

108

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Adaptive behaviors require sensorimotor computations that convert information represented initially in sensory coordinates to commands for action in motor coordinates. Fundamental to these computations is the relationship between the region of the environment sensed by the animal (gaze) and the animal's locomotor plan. Studies of visually guided animals have revealed an anticipatory relationship between gaze direction and the locomotor plan during target-directed locomotion. Here, we study an acoustically guided animal, an echolocating bat, and relate acoustic gaze (direction of the sonar beam) to flight planning as the bat searches for and intercepts insect prey. We show differences in the relationship between gaze and locomotion as the bat progresses through different phases of insect pursuit. We define acoustic gaze angle, gaze , to be the angle between the sonar beam axis and the bat's flight path. We show that there is a strong linear linkage between acoustic gaze angle at time t [ gaze (t)] and flight turn rate at time t ϩ into the future [ . flight (t ϩ )], which can be expressed by the formula . flight (t ϩ ) ϭ k gaze (t). The gain, k, of this linkage depends on the bat's behavioral state, which is indexed by its sonar pulse rate. For high pulse rates, associated with insect attacking behavior, k is twice as high compared with low pulse rates, associated with searching behavior. We suggest that this adjustable linkage between acoustic gaze and motor output in a flying echolocating bat simplifies the transformation of auditory information to flight motor commands.

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“…To cancel the residual misalignment of the fly's body, neck sense organs are required which signal the error angle between head and trunk and elicit a corrective steering manoeuvre which realigns the trunk with the head. This type of serial organization of flight steering has originally been proposed for birds (Groebbels 1929: "the bird flies after its beak"; Bilo 1991) and was later also adopted for insects (Mittelstaedt 1950;Goodman 1959;Land 1973). The supplementary role of neck proprioceptors for flight steering in the locust (Hensler and Robert 1990) has, however, been challenged (Miall 1990) and needs final clarification.…”

Section: Coordination Of Head and Trunkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and kinematics of the prosternal organs and their influence on head position in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala Meig.

Preuss

Hengstenberg

1992

J Comp Physiol A

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The blowfly Calliphora has a mobile head and various, presumably proprioceptive, sense organs in the neck region. The "prosternal organs" are a pair of mechanosensory hair fields, each comprising ca. 110 sensilla. We studied their structure (Figs. 2-4), kinematics (Figs. 5, 6) and, after surgery, their influence on head posture in order to reveal their specific function.The hair sensilla are structurally polarized, all in roughly the same direction, and are stimulated by dorsoventral bending of the hairs (Figs. 3, 4). This occurs indirectly by flap-movements of two contact sclerites (Figs. 3, 6); they move in the same direction during pitch turns of the head, in opposite directions during roll turns, and barely at all during yaw turns of the head (Fig. 5).Bending and arresting all hairs of one field elicits a head roll bias to the non-operated side (Fig. 7) during tethered flight in visually featureless surroundings. In contrast, shaving all hairs of one field elicits a head roll to the operated side . The surgically induced bias of head posture is not compensated within three days (Fig. 10). Our results show that the prosternal organs of Calliphora sense pitch and roll turns of the fly's head, and control at least its roll position.Abbreviations." HP ~ TP ~ angular positions of the sagittal planes of the fly's head and thorax, respectively, relative to an external reference; HR~ head roll angle of the fly's head relative to its thorax, HR>0 ~ for clockwise head roll, looking in flight direction; N, number of flies; n, number of measurements; PO, prosternal organ; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean * Present address:

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Der Vogel als automatisch sich steuerndes Flugzeug

Cited by 135 publications

References 1 publication

Pigeons (C. livia) Follow Their Head during Turning Flight: Head Stabilization Underlies the Visual Control of Flight

Pigeons (C. livia) Follow Their Head during Turning Flight: Head Stabilization Underlies the Visual Control of Flight

Steering by Hearing: A Bat’s Acoustic Gaze Is Linked to Its Flight Motor Output by a Delayed, Adaptive Linear Law

Structure and kinematics of the prosternal organs and their influence on head position in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala Meig.

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