Derivation of Transformation and One-Way Speed of Light in Kinematics of Special Theory of Ether

Szostek, Karol

doi:10.11648/j.ajmp.20170606.15

“…The relative increase in brightness between the maximum and minimum of a light curve is greater for k < 3 than for k > 3 [77]. Therefore, the equilibrium STM ratio k eq ≈ 2.7665 (85) is well within the range of radii of ultracompact objects researched in the state-of-the-art within the GR framework.…”

supporting

confidence: 52%

“…The author wonders why the photons would not travel in orbits at a radius R = GM/c 2 corresponding to the orbital velocity v 2 orb = GM/R of mass M. Obviously, photons do not travel. 10 One may find constructive criticism of GR in [79][80][81][82][83][84][85]. 11 We drop the HS subscripts in this section for clarity.…”

Section: Bb Mergersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where all three energies are equal. The equilibrium k eq (85) and maximum k max (79) STMa satisfy k 2 eq + 16/k 2 max = 8. The BB in the energy equilibrium k eq bearing the elementary charge (q 2 = 1) would have mass M BB eq ≈ ±1.9455 × 10 −9 [kg], imaginary mass M iBB eq ≈ ±i1.7768 × 10 −9 [kg], wavelength λ BB eq ≈ ±1.1361 × 10 −33 [m], and imaginary wavelength λ iBB eq ≈ ±i1.2160 × 10 −33 [m].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Imaginary Universe

Łukaszyk

2024

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0

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Maxwell's equations in vacuum provide the negative speed of light -c, which leads to imaginary Planck units. However, the second, negative fine-structure constant $\alpha_2^{-1} \approx -140.178$, present in the Fresnel coefficients for the normal incidence of electromagnetic radiation on monolayer graphene, establishes the different, negative speed of light in vacuum $c_2 \approx -3.06 \times 10^8~\text{[m/s]}$, which introduces imaginary Planck units different in magnitude from those parametrized with $c$. Furthermore, algebraic relations between the fine-structure constant hint that the fine-structure constant does not vary over time. It follows that electric charges are the same in real and imaginary dimensions. We model neutron stars and white dwarfs, emitting perfect black-body radiation, as \textit{objects} having energy exceeding their mass-energy equivalence ratios. We define complex energies in terms of real and imaginary natural units. Their imaginary parts, inaccessible for direct observation, store the excess of these energies. It is conjectured that the maximum atomic number $Z=238$. A black-body \textit{object} is in the equilibrium of complex energies if its radius $R_\text{eq} \approx 1.3833~R_{\text{BH}}$, which is close to the photon sphere radius $R_{\text{ps}}=1.5~R_{\text{BH}}$, and marginally greater than a locally negative energy density bound of $4/3~R_{\text{BH}}$. The complex force between real masses and imaginary charges leads to the black-body object's surface gravity and generalized Hawking radiation temperature, which includes its charge. Furthermore, this force agrees with the physical parameters of the hydrogen atom. The proposed model takes into account the value(s) of the fine-structure constant(s), which is/are otherwise neglected in general relativity, and explains the registered (GWOSC) high masses of neutron stars' mergers and the associated fast radio bursts (CHIME) without resorting to any hypothetical types of exotic stellar \textit{objects}.

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“…The author wonders why the photons would not travel in orbits at a radius R = GM/c 2 corresponding to the orbital velocity v 2 orb = GM/R of mass M. Obviously, photons do not travel. 10 One may find constructive criticism of GR in [77][78][79][80][81][82][83].…”

Section: Bb Complex Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Imaginary Universe

Łukaszyk

2023

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Maxwell's equations in vacuum provide the negative speed of light -c, which leads to imaginary Planck units. However, the second, negative fine-structure constant $\alpha_2^{-1} \approx -140.178$, present in the Fresnel coefficients for the normal incidence of electromagnetic radiation on monolayer graphene, establishes the different, negative speed of light in vacuum $c_2 \approx -3.06 \times 10^8~\text{[m/s]}$, which introduces imaginary Planck units different in magnitude from those parametrized with $c$. Furthermore, algebraic relations between the fine-structure constant hint that the fine-structure constant does not vary over time. It follows that electric charges are the same in real and imaginary dimensions. We model neutron stars and white dwarfs, emitting perfect black-body radiation, as \textit{objects} having energy exceeding their mass-energy equivalence ratios. We define complex energies in terms of real and imaginary natural units. Their imaginary parts, inaccessible for direct observation, store the excess of these energies. It is conjectured that the maximum atomic number $Z=238$. A black-body \textit{object} is in the equilibrium of complex energies if its radius $R_\text{eq} \approx 1.3833~R_{\text{BH}}$, which is close to the photon sphere radius $R_{\text{ps}}=1.5~R_{\text{BH}}$, and marginally greater than a locally negative energy density bound of $4/3~R_{\text{BH}}$. The complex force between real masses and imaginary charges leads to the black-body object's surface gravity and generalized Hawking radiation temperature, which includes its charge. Furthermore, this force agrees with the physical parameters of the hydrogen atom. The proposed model takes into account the value(s) of the fine-structure constant(s), which is/are otherwise neglected in general relativity, and explains the registered (GWOSC) high masses of neutron stars' mergers and the associated fast radio bursts (CHIME) without resorting to any hypothetical types of exotic stellar \textit{objects}.

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“…Many works still discuss the fundamental principles of Einstein's theories about the light [1]. Some other works try to propose experiments to describe some characteristics of the light [2]. This work proposes an experiment with mirrors that tries to change the characteristics of a Light-Beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experiment of the light with contradictory formulas

Akram¹

2023

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0

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Motivated by the appearance of my previous article about the light in the very useful Book titled the worldwide list of alternative theories and critics (edition 2023), I tried to propose this experiment that tries to trap light beams in a rotating environment. I presented also the related formulas in this work and I could even guess some recurrence relations if the trapped Light-Beam is reflected several times from the moving wall of mirrors. However, the work exposes a contradiction concerning the reflected light beams velocity vectors and this made us suspect the correctness of some formulas when dealing with moving mirrors. This proposed experiment is very interesting, but the most important are the remarks that can be made by observing the contradictions exposed in this article.

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Derivation of Transformation and One-Way Speed of Light in Kinematics of Special Theory of Ether

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

The Imaginary Universe

The Imaginary Universe

The Imaginary Universe

An experiment of the light with contradictory formulas

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