Derivatization and microextraction methods for determination of organic compounds by gas chromatography

Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with Derivatization for Polar Compound Sampling in Environmental Analysis

“…Commonly used derivatization reactions include silylation, alkylation, acetylation, and fluorescence/ultraviolet derivatization. The reaction mechanism of analytical derivatization is summarized as a subset of functional group analysis [5,65]. The review published by Stashenko and Martinez [9] summarizes the application of derivatization in SPME to different analytes in order to improve their volatility, chromatographic properties, and stability.…”

“…The development of environmentally friendly techniques, namely solvent-free sample preparation techniques, began to attract widespread attention recently, and several reviews have been published [2][3][4]. Among them, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an inexpensive, time-efficient, and solvent-free technique, compared to traditional methods such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [5]. This technique was firstly introduced by Pawlisyzin et al in the 1990s [6].…”

Chemical Derivatization Processes Applied to Amine Determination in Samples of Different Matrix Composition

“…The examples of application of in situ aqueous derivatization with presentation of it advantages and drawbacks are presented by Ferreira et al 54 In past, the most often techniques used for introducing derivatives into the chromatographic system when the reaction takes place directly in the aqueous medium have been solid phase extraction (SPE) [76][77][78] and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [79][80][81] . However, these techniques present some drawbacks including high level of organic solvent consumption (especially LLE) and considerable manipulation of the sample (SPE, LLE).…”

“…This is known as hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and was introduced in 1999 by Pedersen-Bjergaard and Rasmussen 132 . The technique utilizes a hollow fiber (HF) to stabilize and protect the extractant phase 81 . Next, the small pore size of hollow fibers in membrane methodologies allows both extraction and preconcentration of the analytes from the complex samples in a simple and inexpensive way 81 .…”

“…The technique utilizes a hollow fiber (HF) to stabilize and protect the extractant phase 81 . Next, the small pore size of hollow fibers in membrane methodologies allows both extraction and preconcentration of the analytes from the complex samples in a simple and inexpensive way 81 . The other advantages of HF-LPME include the possibilities of automation and miniaturization, high versatility and selectivity, immersion and headspace modes and coupling with derivatization procedures 129 .…”