Deriving inertial response from a non-inertial PV system for frequency regulation

Zarina, P P; Mishra, Sukumar; Sekhar, P. C.

doi:10.1109/pedes.2012.6484409

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…RES are capable of providing synthetic inertia, too [5,6,29,37]. Future research will indicate whether these sources are capable of providing synthetic inertia at lower costs then the evaluated storage systems in this work.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 89%

Design of a System Substituting Today’s Inherent Inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area

2016

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In alternating current (AC) power systems the power generated by power plants has to match the power drawn by consumers plus the system losses at any time. In the case of an imbalance between generation and consumption the frequency in the system deviates from its rated value. In order to avoid an unsuitable frequency, control power plants have to step in to level out this imbalance. Control power plants need time to adjust their power, which is why the inertial behaviour of today's AC systems is crucial for frequency control. In this paper it is discussed that the inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area decreases due to the transition to renewable energy sources. This will become a problem for frequency control, which is why the provision of non-inherent inertia is proposed. This system consists of fast-responding energy storage. Its dimensions in terms of power and energy are determined. Since such non-inherent inertia requires investments a cost-efficient solution has to be found. Different technologies are compared in terms of the newly-introduced levelised cost of inertia. This paper concludes with the proposal that in future inertia should be traded and with the recommendation to use flywheels for this purpose, as these are the most cost-efficient solution for this task.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 89%

Design of a System Substituting Today’s Inherent Inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area

2016

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“… PV-PPs usually operate by maximizing the power production, meaning that no power reserves are maintained for frequency control [3][4][5][6].  Unlike conventional synchronous generators, PV units have no rotating parts; as a result, no inertial response can be provided during major power disturbances [2,3,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, most works examine transient and small signal stability [8][9][10]14,15], without considering the effects of PV-PP penetration on frequency stability. Only a small number of studies are found in which the inertial response capability of deloaded PV units is directly addressed [4][5][6]. Nevertheless, these studies investigate the control strategy itself without considering the problem from a power system perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Frequency Response Capability of Photovoltaic Power Plants: The Necessity of New Grid Requirements and Definitions

2014

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Abstract:In recent years, only a small number of publications have been presented addressing power system stability with the increased use of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) generation around the world. The focus of these publications was on classical stability problems, such as transient and small signal stability, without considering frequency stability. Nevertheless, with increased PV generation, its effects on system frequency response during contingencies can no longer be ignored, especially in the case of weakly interconnected networks or isolated power systems. This paper addresses the impacts of large scale PV generation on the frequency stability of power systems. The positive effects of deloaded PV power plants (PV-PPs) able to support system frequency recovery during the initial seconds after major contingencies are also examined. Because this type of frequency support is not covered by current definitions, a new terminology is proposed that includes the frequency response of inertia-less generation units immediately after major power imbalances. We refer to this type of frequency support as fast frequency response (FFR). Finally, a discussion is also presented regarding the applicability and pertinence of frequency-related grid requirements for PV-PPs in the case of real power systems. The investigation is based on the isolated power system of northern Chile. The obtained results indicate that in the case of major power imbalances, no significant effects arise on the system frequency response until PV penetration levels exceed approximately 20%. From a system security perspective, the problems arise for PV penetration levels of OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 6307 approximately 50%, in which case, the frequency response capability in PV-PPs would be justified during certain hours of the year.

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“…In general, PV power plants operate at the maximum power point tracking mode according to certain meteorological conditions (i.e., temperature T and irradiation G), maximizing the revenues from selling energy [121]. Contributions focused on this technique can be found in [122,123,124,125,126,127]. By curtailment, we are operating the PV plant at a de-loaded point P del , below P M P P , so that the PV plants are able to support system frequency, as some power reserves ∆P = P M P P − P del are available.…”

Section: Pv Power Plant Frequency Control Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time

Fernández‐Guillamón

Gómez‐Lázaro

Muljadi

et al. 2019

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

364

123

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Traditionally, inertia in power systems has been determined by considering all the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. During the last decade, the integration of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic installations and wind power plants, has led to a significant dynamic characteristic change in power systems. This change is mainly due to the fact that most renewables have power electronics at the grid interface. The overall impact on stability and reliability analysis of power systems is very significant. The power systems become more dynamic and require a new set of strategies modifying traditional generation control algorithms. Indeed, renewable generation units are decoupled from the grid by electronic converters, decreasing the overall inertia of the grid. 'Hidden inertia', 'synthetic inertia' or 'virtual inertia' are terms currently used to represent artificial inertia created by converter control of the renewable sources. Alternative spinning reserves are then needed in the new power system with high penetration renewables, where the lack of rotating masses directly connected to the grid must be emulated to maintain an acceptable power system reliability. This paper reviews the inertia concept in terms of values and their evolution in the last decades, as well as the damping factor values. A comparison of the rotational grid inertia for traditional and current averaged generation mix scenarios is also carried out. In addition, an extensive discussion on wind and photovoltaic power plants and their contributions to inertia in terms of frequency control strategies is included in the paper.

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Deriving inertial response from a non-inertial PV system for frequency regulation

Cited by 38 publications

References 16 publications

Design of a System Substituting Today’s Inherent Inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area

Design of a System Substituting Today’s Inherent Inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area

Fast Frequency Response Capability of Photovoltaic Power Plants: The Necessity of New Grid Requirements and Definitions

Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time

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