Dermal absorption of 2,4-D: a review of species differences

Ross, John H.; Driver, Jeffrey; Harris, Shelley A.; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.10.001

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Finally, dermal absorption represents the effectiveness of the skin in reducing systemic uptake from dermally applied chemical. Dermal absorption for 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T has been measured in humans or nonhuman primates at 5.7% and 0.6%, respectively (Newton and Norris, 1981;Ross et al, 2005). TCDD dermal penetration has only been measured in vivo in rats, but rats may overestimate human dermal absorption by an average of five-fold (Ross et al, 2001).…”

Section: Pesticide Exposure Assessment Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure to allied ground troops in the Vietnam War: A comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index models

Ginevan¹,

Ross

Watkins³

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The AgDRIFT aerial dispersion model is well validated and closely related to the AGDISP model developed by the USDA Forest Service to determine on-and off-target deposition and penetration of aerially applied pesticide through foliage of trees. The Exposure Opportunity Index (EOI) model was developed to estimate relative exposure of ground troops in Vietnam to aerially applied herbicides. We compared the output of the two models to determine whether their predictions were in substantial agreement, but found a total lack of concordance. While the AgDRIFT model estimated that ground-level deposition through foliage was reduced more than 20 orders of magnitude at less than 1 km from the flight line, the EOI model predicted deposition declines less than one order of magnitude 4 km from the flight line. Interestingly the EOI model predicts a four-fold variability in EOI on the flight line, where exposure should be essentially invariant because the spray apparatus is designed to apply herbicide at a constant rate. We believe that the EOI model cannot be used to provide individual exposure estimates for the purpose of conducting epidemiologic studies. Moreover, evaluation of the position data for both herbicide spray swaths and troop locations, together with the actual patterns of spray deposition predicted by the AgDRIFT model, suggests that precise individual-level exposure assessments for ground troops in Vietnam are impossible. However, we suggest that well-validated tools like AgDRIFT can be used to estimate exposure to groups of individuals.

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Section: Pesticide Exposure Assessment Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure to allied ground troops in the Vietnam War: A comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index models

Ginevan¹,

Ross

Watkins³

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Moreover, in the present study, significantly lower amounts of VXeq were recovered in HST skins as compared to HFT skins. It is possible that previously described experimental and inter-individual variances (Ross et al, 2005;Lee et al, 2001;Southwell and Barry, 1983) account for such differences between HFT and HST skin retention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Percutaneous penetration and distribution of VX using in vitro pig or human excised skin

et al. 2008

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“…floors and walls) and the transfer of hazardous chemicals to human skin have been subject of major concerns to Howard and his research team, who, through numerous studies, have made important contributions in exploring human risk factors. Percutaneous absorption rates of pesticides, herbicides, and metals, such as chlordane [9], polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) [10,11], 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [12], arsenic [13], or cadmium [14] from contaminated soil and water were examined and compared using in vitro and in vivo methods, which included both animal and human models (table 1). From these results, Howard and his research team observed that skin acts as a lipid sink (stratum corneum) for the lipid-soluble contaminants while also serving as a transfer membrane for water and any contaminants dissolved within it.…”

Section: Percutaneous Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Howard I. Maibach: Extraordinary Leadership in Integrating Key Concepts Underpinning Our Understanding of Percutaneous Absorption and Occupational Dermatology

Surber

Elsner

Singh

2013

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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The purpose of the present article is to briefly highlight some contributions of Prof. Howard I. Maibach to the field of dermatology. After a few introducing remarks regarding Howard's personal career, the article specifically reviews contributions to the understanding of percutaneous absorption and to occupational dermatology. He and his companions/coworkers established and introduced experimental prerequisites to better study and understand percutaneous absorption - both in vitro and in vivo. Not less influential was his contribution to occupational dermatology acting as a founding member of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group and coinaugurating the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. These groups have been very active ever since. As an academic teacher, he inspired young colleagues to perform original research work and to establish their own working groups. He has done this most successfully with many fellows who worked with him over the years, and who are now leading departments or companies dedicated to dermatological research all over the world. Probably this is his most important and lasting achievement.

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Dermal absorption of 2,4-D: a review of species differences

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Assessing exposure to allied ground troops in the Vietnam War: A comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index models

Assessing exposure to allied ground troops in the Vietnam War: A comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index models

Percutaneous penetration and distribution of VX using in vitro pig or human excised skin

Howard I. Maibach: Extraordinary Leadership in Integrating Key Concepts Underpinning Our Understanding of Percutaneous Absorption and Occupational Dermatology

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