Dermatitis Atopik

Abstract

Dermatitis atopik (DA) atau atopik eczema adalah peradangan kulit berupa dermatitis yang kronis residif, disertai rasa gatal, dan mengenai bagian tubuh tertentu terutama di wajah pada bayi (fase infantil) dan bagian fleksural ekstremitas (pada fase anak). Dermatitis atopik kerap terjadi pada bayi dan anak, sekitar 50% menghilang pada saat remaja, kadang dapat menetap, atau bahkan baru mulai muncul saat dewasa. Peningkatan insidensi DA kemungkinan disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor misalnya urbanisasi, polusi, dan hygiene hypothesis. Dermatitis atopic merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat dunia, dengan prevalensi pada anak sebesar 10-20% dan pada dewasa sekitar 1-3%. Manifestasi dermatitis atopik dan tempat predileksi berbeda pada fase bayi, anak dan dewasa. Rasa gatal yang hebat dan perjalanan penyakit yang kronis-residif menyebabkan gangguan psikologis pada pasien, keluarga, serta dokter yang merawat, juga dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup pasien. Masalah pada DA sangat kompleks sehingga penatalaksanaan perlu mempertimbangkan berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi di antaranya faktor genetik, sawar kulit, faktor predisposisi, faktor pencetus, serta faktor lingkungan.

Factors Associated with the Incidence of Atopic Dermatitis in School-Age Children in the Working Area of the Waai Health Center in 2022

“…12 This research is also in line with the opinion (Susanto, 2013: Djuanda, 2010: Abdi, 2020: Judarwanto, 2000) which says that atopic dermatitis is an allergic disease that is believed to be genetic or hereditary that often occurs in families whose family members who have a history of atopian in the family such as allergic rhinitis and or bronchial asthma. 12,13,14 According to Susanto, (2013) atopic dermatitis is a disease that is often believed to be genetic/hereditary and often occurs in families whose family members also have asthma disorders, itching rashes are mainly seen on the scalp, neck, elbows, back of the knees, buttocks and other studies that conclude that the decline in atopic dermatitis is maternal. 24 It is well known the link between atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, and allergic rhinitis due to atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, and allergic rhinitis also referred to as Triassic Atopic.…”

“…18 Data from one study showed the order of allergens that are often found and skin tests react positively to atopic dermatitis are eggs (69%), cow's milk (52%), peanuts (42%), soy (34%), and wheat 33%, and others against fish (seafood), chicken, snacks/snacks containing (monosodium glutamate) and the prevalence of food allergies are found in 40% of cases of atopic dermatitis. 12,19 It was also found in this study from 156 (75.0%) respondents who did not have food allergy factors there were 52 (25.0%) respondents with atopic dermatitis. Because food allergies are not always the cause of atopic dermatitis, it can be caused by other factors, in this study other factors that can cause atopic dermatitis are genetic factors recorded by as many as 34 respondents and environmental factors by as many as 18 respondents.…”

“…15 Other studies have also proven Chromosome 5 (interleukin cluster): many studies of chromosome 5 show a relationship between asthma, atopy, and atopic dermatitis with 5q23-31 which is a cytokine cluster. 12 Although in the results of this study there is a significant relationship between genetics and the incidence of atopic dermatitis, this study also found 30 (14.4%) respondents who do not have a genetic history but suffer from atopic dermatitis. This shows that the incidence of atopic dermatitis is not all influenced by genetic factors but many other factors that also play a role in the incidence of atopic dermatitis this study 30 (14.4%) respondents were divided into (food allergy factors as many as 16 respondents and environmental factors as many as 14 respondents).…”

“…External factors (exogenous) especially inhaled allergens (house dust mites) play an important role in the incidence of atopic dermatitis. 12 The results of this study showed that all respondents were 58 (27.9%) who had environmental factors, all atopic dermatitis caused by hot weather as many as 18 people, cold weather by as many as 8 people, house dust mites as many as 21 people and at the time of the change of dry weather to rainy weather and vice versa as many as 12 people. It turned out that out of 150 (72.1%) respondents who did not have environmental factors there were 46 (22.1%) respondents with atopic dermatitis.…”

“…The mechanism of how the environment can cause atopic dermatitis has been revealed by Abdi (2020), when the environment (house dust mites) is exposed to sensitive individual skin, mast cells will bind to the specific IgE in the skin which is Langerhans cells this process runs along with the penetration of allergens so that inflammation occurs and manifestations of atopic dermatitis (pruritus/itching). 12 Because the exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not yet known for that various factors can play a role in triggering atopic dermatitis. 10…”