Des médiateurs au cœur du système d’innovation. Les agents de brevets en France (1870-1914)

Abstract

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Knowledge Disclosure, Patent Management, and the Four-Stroke Engine Business

“…Furthermore, several scholars had argued that Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States used subtle discriminatory measures against foreigners even during the twentieth century, such as delaying or rejecting more applications on purpose (Kotabe, 1992;Richter and Streb, 2011: 1021-1022 and Table 1). intermediaries in markets for technology were usually crucial in such an IPR extension process (Guagnini, 2002(Guagnini, , 2012Galvez-Behar, 2006;Lamoreaux and Sokoloff, 2003;Pretel and Sáiz, 2012).…”

“…Thus, these close dates and order clearly mean that Otto and Gasmotoren-Fabrik, duly advised by their patent attorneys, 28 21 We must remind here that the picture depicted in Table 2 is just a snapshot for the years 1876-1877 and that the nineteenth-century patent legislation was continuously changing and adapting to social, political, and industrial reality. In fact, just for enumerating several examples, there was distinct patent laws in pre-1877 German states; Spain changed to a new and cheaper system that extended patents to twenty years and recognized two-year priority rights in 1878; France ( 28 Patent agents and agencies were internationally linked since the beginning of the patent business, however from the 1870s on it became an essential issue (Galvez-Behar, 2006;Pretel and Sáiz, 2012: 100-8). For instance, Otto and Deutz presented their patents through very well-known patent attorneys developed a unified strategy to patent internationally.…”

Social Networks of Innovation in the European Periphery. Exploring Independent versus Corporate Patents in Spain circa 1820-1939

“…Thus, during the final decades of the nineteenth and the first third of the twentieth century the networks of innovation expanded, connecting the ongoing scientificallyapplied knowledge of the second industrial revolution to domestic producers at the periphery through links between foreign engineers and technicians and local entrepreneurs, industrialists and firms. As some scholars have pointed out, the increasing role of international agents, legal practitioners and intermediaries in the markets of technology during the same period was fundamental in this process (Guagnini 2002;2012;Lamoreaux and Sokoloff 2003;Gálvez-Behar 2006). Indeed, very recent research on Spanish innovation agency reveals that in the 1860s, practically half of the patent applications in Spain involved an agent, a percentage that exceeded 80% by 1890 (Pretel and Sáiz 2012).…”