“…Existing models of DNA rearrangements apply only to one-to-one, or one-to-many mappings [3, 4, 13, 12, 23], but in the context of ciliate genomics, a many-to-many correspondence between regions in rearrangement precursor and product is observed. Previous approaches to annotating ciliate genomes have been performed in species-specific ways, using custom scripts, with many complex cases left untreated, and many annotation parameters chosen arbitrarily without a precise definition of the parameters associated with the output [7, 8, 24]; these approaches complicate the reproducibilty of annotations, prevent crossspecies comparisons, and lack transparency and comprehensiveness.…”