Describing perceptual information about human growth in terms of geometric invariants

Mark, Leonard S.; Todd, James T.

doi:10.3758/bf03207572

Cited by 37 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…If subjects are forced to use only one cue because only one is available (such as cardioidal strain or skin texture) it is still possible for them to make reasonably accurate age judgments but, in practice, cues to age are probably normally used in combination. This reinforces the conclusions drawn by Bruce et al (1989), who found that providing subjects with a richer database on which to base their age judgments (computer-generated 3-D head models) led to poorer and more idiosyncratic performance than that found by Mark and Todd (1985) who used simple line drawings of head profiles.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

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Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Age Estimates of Unfamiliar Faces

1995

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Abstract. Factors affecting the accuracy with which adults could assess the age of unfamiliar male faces aged between 5 and 70 years were examined. In the first experiment twenty-five 'young' adult subjects, aged 16-25, and twenty-five 'old' adults, aged 51-60, were used. Each subject saw five versions of three different faces: these consisted of an original version of each face and four manipulated versions of it. The manipulations consisted of mirror reversal, pseudo-cardioidal strain, thresholding, and elimination of all but the internal features of the face. The second experiment was similar except that a between-subjects design was used: each subject saw three faces for each age category of target face, but was exposed to only a single type of manipulation (plus a set of 'original' faces which were identical for all groups, so that the comparability of the different groups in age estimation could be checked).Results from both experiments were similar. Age estimates for unmanipulated 'original' faces were highly accurate, although subjects were most accurate with target faces that were within their own age range. Results for the manipulated faces implied that the importance of cardioidal strain as a necessary and sufficient cue to age may have been overestimated in previous reports: subjects' age estimates were accurate when cardioidal strain was absent from the stimulus, and poor when cardioidal strain was the only cue available.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…For example, Mark and Todd (1985) and Bruce et al (1989) obtained their data by presenting subjects with stimuli in pairs and asking them to decide which of each pair looked 'older'. Measures like this provide information about relative-age judgments, but would have been too crude for our purposes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Age Estimates of Unfamiliar Faces

1995

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“…That is, we may know that it is a face and not a chair in less time than that required for the identification of any particular face. Whatever the ultimate data on face recognition, there is evidence that the routines for processing faces have evolved to differentially respond to cuteness (Hildebrandt, 1982;Hildebrandt & Fitzgerald, 1983), age (e.g.. Mark &Todd, 1985), and emotion and threats(e.g., Coss, 1979;Trivers. 1985).…”

Section: Empirical Support For a Limitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.

Biederman

1987

Psychological Review

4,885

143

3,801

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The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N ^ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensional image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermmation. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position and image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory.Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification). A Do-It-\burself ExampleConsider the object shown in Figure 1. We readily recognize it as one of those objects that cannot be classified into a familiar category. Despite its overall unfamiliarity, there is near unanimity in its descriptions. We parse-or segment-its parts at regions of deep concavity and describe those parts with common, simple volumetric terms, such as "a block," "a cylinder" "a funnel or truncated cone." We can look at the zig-zag horizontal brace as a texture region or zoom in and interpret it as a series of connected blocks. The same is true of the mass at the lower left: we can see it as a texture area or zoom in and parse it into its various bumps.Although we know that it is not a familiar object, after a whilewe can ...

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“…In addition, as illustrated in Fig. 26 (Hildebrandt, 1982: Hildebrandt & Fitzgerald, 1983, age (e.g., Mark & Todd, 1985). and emotion and threats (e.g., Coss, 1983;Trivera, 1985).…”

Section: Orientation Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Information Processing of Targets and Real-World Scenes.

Biederman¹

1985

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Describing perceptual information about human growth in terms of geometric invariants

Cited by 37 publications

References 17 publications

Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Age Estimates of Unfamiliar Faces

Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Age Estimates of Unfamiliar Faces

Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.

Human Information Processing of Targets and Real-World Scenes.

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