Describing the crime victim: Psychological reactions to victimization.

Frieze, Irene Hanson; Hymer, Sharon; Greenberg, Martin S.

doi:10.1037/0735-7028.18.4.299

Cited by 163 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…In addition to obvious physical health effects due to injury, research has shown the experience of violence to be associated with negative health perceptions and behaviors, alcohol and drug abuse, and various sexual problems (Resnick, Acierno, & Kilpatrick, 1997). Other potential outcomes of partner violence include anger, guilt, shame, and feelings of powerlessness in the victim (Frieze et al, 1987).…”

Section: Intimate Partner Abuse and Its Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Violent Relationships, Psychological Distress, and Marital Satisfaction in a National Sample of Men and Women

2005

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This paper examined six patterns of violent relationships (severe and mild victimization, perpetration, and mutual violence) and their associations with psychosocial outcomes in men and women (N = 3, 519) using data from the National Comorbidity Survey. Violence patterns most frequently reported included mild and severe violence performed by both relationship partners. Some gender differences in frequency of patterns emerged. Main results showed gender differences and some similarities in associations between violence patterns and negative psychosocial outcomes. Women's victimization, regardless of severity, was more strongly related to psychosocial outcomes than men's. Yet, additional findings revealed gender similarities, with both men and women affected by mutual violence. Post hoc analyses further suggested that some individuals were satisfied and had relatively low distress, despite violence.

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Section: Intimate Partner Abuse and Its Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Violent Relationships, Psychological Distress, and Marital Satisfaction in a National Sample of Men and Women

2005

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“…Whereas numerous studies have been conducted to describe the psychosocial consequences of particular types of victimization (e.g., Freedy, Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, & Tidwell, 1994;Frieze, Greenberg, & Hymer, 1987;Kilpatrick, Saunders, Veronen, Best, & Von, 1987;Sales, Baum, & Shore, 1984), only a handful compare symptoms across crime types (Davis & Brickman, 1996;Lurigio, 1987;Resick, 1987;Riggs & Foa, 1995;Wirtz & Harrell, 1987), and even fewer are specific to bias crime victimization Ehrlich, Larcom, & Purvis, 1994;Ephross, Barnes, Ehrlich, Sandnes, & Weiss, 1986;Herek, Cogan, & Gillis, 1999;. In part due to methodological issues, the results of these studies on bias crime victimization are somewhat inconsistent in their conclusions.…”

Section: Prior Literature On Hate Crime Victimizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe

Brearley

2001

American Behavioral Scientist

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Roma/Gypsies, nomads newly arrived in Europe in the 1400s, endured expulsions, forcible removal of children, servitude in galleys or mines, death sentences for being Gypsy, and absolute slavery in the Balkans from the 16th century onward. Persecution stemmed from highest authorities in State and Church. Following the murder of 200,000 to 500,000 Roma in the Holocaust, persecution persists, especially in Central and Eastern Europe where Roma form up to 10% of population (Bulgaria, Slovakia, Romania). Discriminated against under communism, their plight has dramatically worsened since 1989. Endemic problems (low life expectancy, high illiteracy, dire poverty, poor housing) are now heightened by massive, disproportionate unemployment. Unprecedented persecution has been unleashed by new state nationalism and easing of censorship. Roma are the new scapegoat for post-Communist society's ills. The media commonly stigmatize Roma. Few countries have created laws to protect Roma rights. Some activists fear a potential genocide if conditions worsen.

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“…Current research indicates that criminal victimization in general can leave victims with significant psychological distress (Cook, Smith, & Harrell, 1987;Frieze, Hymer, & Greenberg, 1987;Kilpatrick et al, 1985). Variables proposed to explain the mechanism of psychological distress include, for example, loss of a sense of self, loss of a sense of safety, feelings of inequity (Frieze et al, 1987), degree of violence, and prior victimization experiences (Norris, Kaniasty, & Scheer, 1990).…”

Section: Victims Of Hate Crimesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Perspectives on Hate Crime Laws.

Sullaway¹

2004

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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Hate crimes are those in which the victim is selected because of his or her actual or perceived race, color, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or national origin. Hate crime laws have frequently been met with objections. Whereas some objections are based in constitutional law, other objections invoke a variety of psychological constructs, including attitude, motivation, behavior, emotion, and intergroup relations. These objections can be illuminated by relevant psychological theory and research. Topics addressed include the measurement of motivation and intent, and distinctions among attitudes, emotions, and behavior. Hate crimes and other crimes are compared in terms of perpetrators, type and degree of violence, psychological and physical trauma suffered by victims, and community impact. Psychologically based defense strategies used by perpetrators of hate crimes are critiqued. Hate crime laws are also discussed in terms of the political and social values they reflect. Finally, research and policy implications are outlined, including implications for prevention and intervention at the individual, community, and law enforcement levels.

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Describing the crime victim: Psychological reactions to victimization.

Cited by 163 publications

References 122 publications

Patterns of Violent Relationships, Psychological Distress, and Marital Satisfaction in a National Sample of Men and Women

Patterns of Violent Relationships, Psychological Distress, and Marital Satisfaction in a National Sample of Men and Women

The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe

Psychological Perspectives on Hate Crime Laws.

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