Description and molecular characterization of a new species of tarantula, Pamphobeteus verdolaga , from Colombia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae)

Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels

“…To date, only a handful of Theraphosidae venoms have been extensively characterized, including the venoms of the Chinese black earth tiger tarantula C. hainanus ( H. hainanum ), C. schmidti ( H. schmidti ), and C. guangxiensis , among others [28]. P. verdolaga is a recently described Theraphosidae spider distributed mainly in the region of Antioquia (Colombia) [29]. MS/MS and transcriptomics analyses of the venom-gland content showed that P. verdolaga venom is not only composed of theraphotoxins, but also by larger proteins, in agreement with what has been previously reported for tarantulas [17].…”

Analysis of High Molecular Mass Compounds from the Spider Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Gland. A Transcriptomic and MS ID Approach

“…Finally, we found two more sequences that have the multicopper oxidase domine present (PF07732) (see Table 1 H) and one more similar to the zinc metalloproteases that would be an important modulator of the hemostatic system [ 7 ] (see Table 1 I). Based on phylogenetic analysis, P. verdolaga metalloproteinase is related to A. ventricosus (branch support 44%) (see Figure S3 on Supplementary File S1 ).…”

“…Lycotoxins are a wide group of peptides that function as insecticides and pore formers, increasing the membrane permeability and cell lysis widely reported in the Lycosa genera [ 35 , 36 ]. Other HMMCs found in P. verdolaga venom with clinical importance are those with the domain multicopper oxidase and the venom metalloproteinases, which can attack the hemostatic system of prey [ 7 ].…”

“…Pamphobeteus verdolaga (Cifuentes, Perafán, and Estrada-Gomez 2016) is a recently described species endemic to Colombia that is native to the Andean region from the Aburrá Valley (Medellín) to the southwest region of Antioquia in the municipality of Jardin located at 2100 m above sea level (m.a.s.l) [ 7 ]. Taxonomically, the male P. verdolaga has a palpal bulb with broad embolus, poorly developed apical keel, prolateral inferior keel and prolateral accessory keel present but poorly developed, and retrolateral keel of similar length as the apical keel.…”

“…Taxonomically, the male P. verdolaga has a palpal bulb with broad embolus, poorly developed apical keel, prolateral inferior keel and prolateral accessory keel present but poorly developed, and retrolateral keel of similar length as the apical keel. Females are distinguished by the morphology of spermatheca with a wide base and very short oval seminal receptacles, which are curved toward the center [ 7 ]. A previous P. verdolaga venom report suggests the presence of peptides such as EF-hand proteins, jingzhaotoxins, theraphotoxins, hexatoxins, and inhibitory cysteine knots (ICK) peptides and uncommon proteins in the Theraphosidae family such as sphingomyelinases (sicaritoxin), barytoxins, hexatoxins, latroinsectotoxins, and linear (zadotoxins) peptides [ 8 , 9 ].…”