Theraphosidae spider venoms are well known for possess a complex mixture of protein and non-protein compounds in their venom. The objective of this study was to report and identify different proteins translated from the venom gland DNA information of the recently described Theraphosidae spider Pamphobeteus verdolaga. Using a venom gland transcriptomic analysis, we reported a set of the first complete sequences of seven different proteins of the recenlty described Theraphosidae spider P. verdolaga. Protein analysis indicates the presence of different proteins on the venom composition of this new spider, some of them uncommon in the Theraphosidae family. MS/MS analysis of P. verdolaga showed different fragments matching sphingomyelinases (sicaritoxin), barytoxins, hexatoxins, latroinsectotoxins, and linear (zadotoxins) peptides. Only four of the MS/MS fragments showed 100% sequence similarity with one of the transcribed proteins. Transcriptomic analysis showed the presence of different groups of proteins like phospholipases, hyaluronidases, inhibitory cysteine knots (ICK) peptides among others. The three database of protein domains used in this study (Pfam, SMART and CDD) showed congruency in the search of unique conserved protein domain for only four of the translated proteins. Those proteins matched with EF-hand proteins, cysteine rich secretory proteins, jingzhaotoxins, theraphotoxins and hexatoxins, from different Mygalomorphae spiders belonging to the families Theraphosidae, Barychelidae and Hexathelidae. None of the analyzed sequences showed a complete 100% similarity.
A new monotypic genus of Theraphosidae is described from Colombia: Aguapanela Perafán & Cifuentes gen. nov. with only the type species Aguapanela arvi Perafán, Cifuentes & Estrada sp. nov., from Caldas and Medellin, Antioquia, Colombian Andes. The new genus differs from other theraphosid spiders mainly in the presence of stridulatory setae on the palps and legs I and II, together with the presence of type III and IV urticating setae. Males lack a tibial apophysis on leg I and have a simple palpal bulb with the subtegulum less extended than usual in Theraphosinae, elongated curved embolus, ventrally concave, and with two prolateral keels very flat and developed on the dorsal edge. The female spermathecae have two digitiform elongated and granulated seminal receptacles attached to a semicircular wide membranous base. We describe, diagnose and illustrate the new genus and give some biological remarks. Morphological, systematic and biogeographic aspects are discussed. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of its venom are analyzed.
A la llegada de los españoles, diversas etnias poblaban el territorio correspondiente a lo que hoy conocemos como Cauca Medio; sin embargo, los estudios arqueológicos siguen siendo escasos y no contamos con suficientes reconstrucciones de su modo de vida durante los diferentes periodos de ocupación. No obstante, la riqueza material recuperada da cuenta de la complejidad sociocultural de los grupos que poblaron esta zona en tiempos prehispánicos. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, esta investigación busca aportar a los estudios sobre arqueología del cuerpo en Colombia, a partir de un acercamiento a las formas a través de las cuales las poblaciones de esta región representaron el cuerpo en figurinas humanas elaboradas en cerámica. Se identificaron patrones en las proporciones, posturas, decoraciones y modificaciones corporales de 87 figurinas depositadas en colecciones de museos regionales. A partir de un análisis de frecuencias de las variables seleccionadas, se propone que hubo una intencionalidad en representar al menos tres formas específicas (tabloides, recipientes-figura y estatuillas), con algunas posturas estereotipadas. Se destacó el tronco y se enfatizó en la cabeza, lo cual se reconoce en el detalle de rasgos faciales, así como en la presencia de ornamentación. Esta selectividad en la presentación de la arquitectura del cuerpo, sugiere la importancia de la cabeza en la exhibición de la identidad. Se concluye que el cuerpo ocupó un lugar esencial en la simbología de las poblaciones prehispánicas, y que las figurinas humanas fueron un medio de expresión y de representación, ya que en ellas quedaron plasmados elementos idealizados de la corporalidad, lo que las constituye como fuente de información valiosa para acercarnos a conocer algunas prácticas de intervención del cuerpo en el pasado.
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