Description of the new phototrophic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pohangense sp. nov. from Korean coastal waters

Lim, An Suk; Jeong, Hae Jin; Kim, Ji Hye; Lee, Sung Yeon

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2015.05.004

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…e sxtA gene (saxitoxin biosynthesis pathway protein A domain) has been detected in the members of the tamarense/catenella group or A. fraterculus. In contrast, PSP toxicity or the presence of the sxtA gene have not been detected in A. a ne [23] and Centrodinium punctatum [11]. Alexandrium a ne is distinguished primarily by the apical pore plate and other di erences in the sulcal plates.…”

Section: Affinities Between Centrodinium and Alexandriummentioning

confidence: 93%

“…PSP toxicity has not been reported in species of Gessnerium. e species Alexandrium margalefii and A. pohangense have the first apical plate disconnected from the apical pore plate, which suggests an affinity with Gessnerium, but this plate is quadrangular in these species while pentagonal in Gessnerium [18,23].…”

Section: Centrodinium Kofoid Emended Gómez and Artigasmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…e position of A. margalefii and A. pohangense in the molecular phylogenies is unstable, typically is represented as divergent species of the clade of the type, A. minutum [23]. ese two species, and other two divergent species (A. diversaporum, A. leei) need further research before to propose a change of genus.…”

Section: Centrodinium Kofoid Emended Gómez and Artigasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redefinition of the Dinoflagellate GenusAlexandriumBased onCentrodinium: Reinstatement ofGessneriumandProtogonyaulax, andEpisemicolongen. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)

Gómez

Artigas

2019

Journal of Marine Biology

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The genus Centrodinium contains oceanic and predominantly tropical species that have received little attention. Three species of Centrodinium were examined using thecal plate dissociation, scanning electron microscopy, and molecular sequences. The apical horn of Centrodinium intermedium and C. eminens is formed by the elongation of the fourth apical plate, and a second apical split into two plates. In C. punctatum two apical plates (2′ and 4′) almost completely encircle the apical pore plate (Po), while the contact with the plate 1′ in the ventral side is much reduced, and the plate 3′ does not reach the Po. Moreover, its left posterior lateral sulcal plate is longer than its right pair, while reversed in the typical Centrodinium spp. The sulcal posterior plate of C. punctatum is located in the left-ventral side below the plates 1′′′ and 2′′′, while the sulcal posterior plate located in the right face below the plates 4′′′ and 5′′′ in the typical Centrodinium spp. Phylogenetic analyses based on the small and large subunit of the rRNA gene showed that Centrodinium spp. and Alexandrium affine/A. gaarderae clustered as a sister clade of the Alexandrium tamarense/catenella/fraterculus groups. The clade of the subgenus Gessnerium, and the clade of the type species of Alexandrium, A. minutum, with four divergent species, clustered in more basal positions. The polyphyly of Alexandrium is solved with the split into four genera: (1) Alexandrium sensu stricto for the species of the clade of A. minutum and four divergent species; (2) the reinstatement of the genus Gessnerium for the species of the clade of A. monilatum; (3) the reinstatement of genus Protogonyaulax for the species of the tamarense/catenella/fraterculus groups, and (4) the new genus Episemicolon gen. nov. for A. affine and A. gaarderae. New combinations in the genera Gessnerium, Protogonyaulax, and Episemicolon are proposed.

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Section: Affinities Between Centrodinium and Alexandriummentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Centrodinium Kofoid Emended Gómez and Artigasmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Centrodinium Kofoid Emended Gómez and Artigasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redefinition of the Dinoflagellate GenusAlexandriumBased onCentrodinium: Reinstatement ofGessneriumandProtogonyaulax, andEpisemicolongen. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)

Gómez

Artigas

2019

Journal of Marine Biology

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“…All species of this cluster belong to the subgenus Gessnerium which is defined by species where the first apical plate 1 is not connected and not linked in any way with the apical pore plate [21]. However, some of the species that morphologically are classified into Gessnerium, and for which molecular data are available, such as A. insuetum, A. margalefii and A. pohangense, clearly cluster outside of the core Gessnerium group [3,48]. Thus, Balech's morphological definition does not define a monophyletic group and new morphological unifiers for the core Gessnerium species would be needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mediterranean Alexandrium taylorii (Dinophyceae) Strain Produces Goniodomin A and Lytic Compounds but Not Paralytic Shellfish Toxins

Tillmann

Krock

Wietkamp

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Species of the dinophyte genus Alexandrium are widely distributed and are notorious bloom formers and producers of various potent phycotoxins. The species Alexandrium taylorii is known to form recurrent and dense blooms in the Mediterranean, but its toxin production potential is poorly studied. Here we investigated toxin production potential of a Mediterranean A. taylorii clonal strain by combining state-of-the-art screening for various toxins known to be produced within Alexandrium with a sound morphological and molecular designation of the studied strain. As shown by a detailed thecal plate analysis, morphology of the A. taylorii strain AY7T from the Adriatic Sea conformed with the original species description. Moreover, newly obtained Large Subunit (LSU) and Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) rDNA sequences perfectly matched with the majority of other Mediterranean A. taylorii strains from the databases. Based on both ion pair chromatography coupled to post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis it is shown that A. taylorii AY7T does not produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) above a detection limit of ca. 1 fg cell−1, and also lacks any traces of spirolides and gymnodimines. The strain caused cell lysis of protistan species due to poorly characterized lytic compounds, with a density of 185 cells mL−1 causing 50% cell lysis of cryptophyte bioassay target cells (EC50). As shown here for the first time A. taylorii AY7T produced goniodomin A (GDA) at a cellular level of 11.7 pg cell−1. This first report of goniodomin (GD) production of A. taylorii supports the close evolutionary relationship of A. taylorii to other identified GD-producing Alexandrium species. As GD have been causatively linked to fish kills, future studies of Mediterranean A. taylorii blooms should include analysis of GD and should draw attention to potential links to fish kills or other environmental damage.

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“…그동안 Alexandrium 속에 대한 생리/생태적 연구는 이들이 전 적으로 광합성 생물이라는 전제하에, 온도, 염분, 영양염 등에 대 한 성장 반응 연구와 독성학적 연구, 생활사 연구 등이 주를 이루 었지만 (Montresor, 1995;Nagai et al, 2004;Lim and Ogata, 2005) (Kim et al, 1990;Han et al, 1993;Kim, 1994;Lee et al, 2003;Park and Kang, 2009;Oh et al, 2012) insuetum으로 판명된 연구 결과를 발표한 바 있으며, 2015년에는 포항 인근 해역에서 Alexandrium 신종(new species)의 출현 보고 가 있었다 (Lim et al, 2015).…”

Section: Goniodoma Ostenfeldii로 명명된 종을 대상으로 연구를 시작하여unclassified

Species Diversity of the Dinoflagellate Genus Alexandrium in the Coastal Waters of Korea during Summer 2013

Kim

Park²,

Youn³

et al. 2016

The Sea

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We investigated the occurrence of the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium in the nineteen Korean coastal sites from July to October 2013. Alexandrium-like planktonic cells were microscopically observed only in four out of the 19 sampling sites. From the samples containing Alexandrium-like cells 22 clonal cultures of Alexandrium species were established by single cell or single chain isolation method. Taxonomic identity of the 4 different strains ascertained by the robust analyses of morphological and molecular genetic characteristics were confirmed to be A. catenella, A. affine, A. fraterculus and an unidentified Alexandrium sp. for which strain WEB-Alex-01 was assigned. It was ascertained that in spite of hot summer diverse Alexandrium species attaining up to four were distributed in the study area, in contrast with the long empirical recognition that the emergence of Alexandrium species is restricted to cooler seasons like spring or autumn in Korean coastal waters. Morphology and genetic characteristics of Alexandrium sp. strain WEB-Alex-01 are different from any other previously reported Alexandrium species from Korean seas, which implies that further studies on taxonomic, physiological, ecological and toxicological properties of the newly recorded Alexandrium species are needed.

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Description of the new phototrophic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pohangense sp. nov. from Korean coastal waters

Cited by 21 publications

References 43 publications

Redefinition of the Dinoflagellate GenusAlexandriumBased onCentrodinium: Reinstatement ofGessneriumandProtogonyaulax, andEpisemicolongen. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)

Redefinition of the Dinoflagellate GenusAlexandriumBased onCentrodinium: Reinstatement ofGessneriumandProtogonyaulax, andEpisemicolongen. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)

A Mediterranean Alexandrium taylorii (Dinophyceae) Strain Produces Goniodomin A and Lytic Compounds but Not Paralytic Shellfish Toxins

Species Diversity of the Dinoflagellate Genus Alexandrium in the Coastal Waters of Korea during Summer 2013

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