Desert New Urbanism: testing for comfort in downtown Tempe, Arizona

Crewe, Katherine; Brazel, Anthony J.; Middel, Ariane

doi:10.1080/13574809.2016.1187558

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Nighttime heat retention under shade structures and longwave radiation trapping in urban canyons create a trade-off between daytime and nighttime heat mitigation that should be investigated further. Middel et al (2016) did not find a difference in subjective thermal sensation votes under trees and photovoltaic canopy shade, indicating that the shade performance variation sensed by human-biometeorological instruments does not necessarily lead to perceived thermal comfort differences. More research is needed to translate ∆T MRT for each shade type into thermal comfort perceptions using field surveys and measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In this context, urban greening has emerged as an investment priority for municipalities to combat adverse effects of climate change and improve urban sustainability, human health, and quality of life (Norton et al 2015). Trees cool the urban ecosystem through evapotranspiration and yield substantial thermal comfort benefits by providing shade (Bowler et al 2010;Armson et al 2013;Middel et al 2016). Past studies have shown that trees significantly impact the radiative heat exchange between the human body and the environment by attenuating the amount of direct solar radiation that increases the body's heat load and UV exposure (Aminipouri et al 2019;Downs et al 2019;Kántor et al 2016;Parisi et al 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trees are a nature-based solution for shading, but human thermal exposure can also be improved through engineered shade, such as umbrellas and shade sails (Colter et al 2019;Garcia-Nevado et al 2020;Shashua-Bar et al 2011), and urban form including overhangs and urban canyons (Crewe et al 2016;Middel et al 2014;Lee et al 2018;Pearlmutter et al 1999;Johansson and Emmanuel 2006). To date, little is known about the cooling impact of these shading strategies, and cities lack actionable information for integrated green and gray infrastructure planning that incorporates viable shade alternatives into active shade management practices.…”

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confidence: 99%

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50 Grades of Shade

Middel

AlKhaled

Schneider

et al. 2021

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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Cities increasingly recognize the importance of shade to reduce heat stress and adopt urban forestry plans with ambitious canopy goals. Yet, the implementation of tree and shade plans often faces maintenance, water use, and infrastructure challenges. Understanding the performance of natural and non-natural shade is critical to support active shade management in the built environment. We conducted hourly transects in Tempe, Arizona with the mobile human-biometeorological station MaRTy on hot summer days to quantify the efficacy of various shade types. We sampled sun-exposed reference locations and shade types grouped by urban form, lightweight/engineered shade, and tree species over multiple ground surfaces. We investigated shade performance during the day, at peak incoming solar, peak air temperature, and after sunset using three thermal metrics: the difference between a shaded and sun-exposed location in air temperature (ΔTa), surface temperature (ΔTs), and mean radiant temperature (ΔTMRT). ΔTa did not vary significantly between shade groups, but ΔTMRT spanned a 50°C range across observations. At daytime, shade from urban form most effectively reduced Ts and TMRT, followed by trees and lightweight structures. Shade from urban form performed differently with changing orientation. Tree shade performance varied widely; native and palm trees were least effective, while non-native trees were most effective. All shade types exhibited heat retention (positive ΔTMRT) after sunset. Based on the observations, we developed characteristic shade performance curves that will inform the City of Tempe’s design guidelines towards using “the right shade in the right place” and form the basis for the development of microclimate zones (MCSz).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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50 Grades of Shade

Middel

AlKhaled

Schneider

et al. 2021

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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“…It has a direct relationship with human comfort [218]. Crewe et al [219] employed SVF, estimated using photographs via RayMan program, in developing a relation for the PET, for the urban site in Tempe, AZ.…”

Section: Urban Heatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemispherical Photographs: A Review of Acquisition Methods and Applications in the Context of Urban Energy and Environment Assessments

Rehman

2022

ASME Open Journal of Engineering

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From the use of a pinhole camera placed under a water tank, which was proposed almost 100 years ago, to the application of modern digital cameras mounted with sophisticated fisheye lenses, acquisition methods for capturing hemispherical photographs undergone vigorous research and development. Over the past few decades, such photographs have been extensively used in evaluating energy and environmental aspects in urban contexts. In this review article, the advantages, limitations, and challenges of the various methods of acquiring photographs are described and compared. This involves both the devices themselves and the software tools. Several methods of direct acquisition of hemispheric photographs involving digital cameras, smartphones, the use of drones for photographs at elevations, and the application of thermal imaging technologies are discussed in detail. Indirect methods for generating hemispheric photographs are also discussed, highlighting the use of images from applications such as Google Street View (GSV). Based on a review of technical literature, several applications in energy and the environment that use information from hemispheric photographs as an analysis tool are presented and discussed. Among others, the following are discussed: the quantification of solar radiation potential; the assessment of indicators of local temperature and level of thermal comfort for pedestrians in urban areas; indoor and outdoor daylighting; and air and light pollution. Finally, several potential future research directions for the use of hemispherical photographs in built environments are discussed. These include advances in image processing, use of thermal imaging, solar potential assessment of solar-powered vehicles, applications of drone-mounted hemispherical photography, and fisheye videos.

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“…La intensidad de este proceso también ha llevado consigo controversias y mala praxis (Baños, 2016;Zambon et al, 2018). De manera general, el incremento de la superficie urbano-residencial se ha basado en la urbanización extensiva con la presencia de nuevas naturalezas urbanas (Llausàs et al, 2018), es decir, áreas urbanas caracterizadas por un modelo de baja densidad conocido en el ámbito anglosajón como "urban sprawl" donde es característica la presencia de espacios ajardinados privados y piscinas unifamiliares (Crewe et al, 2016;Morote & Hernández, 2016a). En las zonas costeras, especialmente del mediterráneo europeo, el desarrollo de la urbanización de baja densidad caracteriza a amplios espacios como, por ejemplo, la Costa Azul francesa (Fernández y Barrado, 2011) o en España (Romero et al, 2017).…”

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Propuestas al déficit hídrico en la provincia de Alicante: medidas desde la gestión de la demanda y oferta de recursos hídricos

Seguido

Hernández

González

2019

BAGE

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En la provincia de Alicante (sureste español), la insuficiencia de recursos hídricos motivada por el incremento de las demandas desde los años sesenta y setenta del pasado s. XX para satisfacer usos urbanos y agrícolas e indigencia pluviométrica debido a la aridez natural, se ha convertido en uno de los principales problemas socio-territoriales y económicos. El incremento de recursos hídricos fue posible gracias a la sobreexplotación de acuíferos, la llegada de caudales externos, la incorporación de aguas regeneradas depuradas y, en los últimos años, la desalinización. Sin embargo, tradicionalmente no se ha contemplado la gestión de la demanda como una solución para resolver dicha escasez. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer actuaciones, tanto desde la gestión de la demanda como de la oferta de recursos hídricos para paliar la insuficiencia de agua en la provincia de Alicante. Para ello, a partir de una revisión de trabajos que tratan el tema del agua en el área de estudio, la realización de entrevistas y análisis de datos e información facilitados por usuarios (compañías suministradoras de agua y regantes) se han sintetizado diversas medidas para resolver este problema. Como conclusión, cabe poner de manifiesto que con esta investigación se cubrirá un vacío científico en relación con la gestión de la demanda en el área de estudio y destacando que, ninguna medida por sí sola podrá resolver la escasez de agua y, siendo necesaria, asimismo, la implicación de todos los usuarios y organismos.

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Desert New Urbanism: testing for comfort in downtown Tempe, Arizona

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

50 Grades of Shade

50 Grades of Shade

Hemispherical Photographs: A Review of Acquisition Methods and Applications in the Context of Urban Energy and Environment Assessments

Propuestas al déficit hídrico en la provincia de Alicante: medidas desde la gestión de la demanda y oferta de recursos hídricos

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