Design and analysis of single-mode oxidized VCSELs for high-speed optical interconnects

Wiedenmann, D.; King, Roger; Jung, Christian; Jäger, R.; Michalzik, Rainer; Schnitzer, P.; Kicherer, M.; Ebeling, Karl Joachim

doi:10.1109/2944.788412

Cited by 92 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…To analyze large-signal behavior numerically, the time-dependent rate equations (2.59), (2.60) have to be solved (perhaps even in extended from to include lateral variations of particle densities as well as carrier diffusion). For systems employing single-mode VCSELs, mainly three effects have an impact on the modulation performance and have been investigated experimentally in [86].…”

Section: Large-signal Modulation Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this simple case, H p (ν) is just expressed as 1/(1 + iν/ν p ) with ν p = 1/(2π RC). Elements of the equivalent circuit can conveniently be deduced from microwave impedance measurements [86,87,91]. Even if more than two elements are involved, H p (ν) can often be well approximated by a first-order low-pass [91] with the characteristic parameter ν p .…”

Section: Small-signal Modulation Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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VCSEL Fundamentals

Michalzik

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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In this chapter we outline major principles of vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser (VCSEL) design and operation. Basic device properties and generally applicable cavity design rules are introduced. Characteristic parameters like threshold gain and current, differential quantum efficiency and power conversion efficiency, as well as thermal resistance are discussed. We describe the design of Bragg reflectors and explain the transfer matrix method as a convenient tool to compute VCSEL resonator properties in a one-dimensional approximation. Experimental results illustrate the emission characteristics of high-efficiency VCSELs that apply selective oxidation for current and photon confinement. Both the 850 and 980 nm wavelength regions are considered. The basic treatment of laser dynamics and noise behavior is presented in terms of the small-signal modulation response as well as the relative intensity noise. Finally we give some examples of VCSEL applications in fiber-based optical interconnects, i.e., optical data transmission over short distances. IntroductionVCSELs have undergone an extraordinary evolution over the past three decades. Suggested by Prof. Kenichi Iga and first demonstrated by the research group at Tokyo Institute of Technology in the late 1970s [1-3], VCSELs are a commodity item today [4] and already serve millions of computer users as the key component in modern navigation devices such as the optical mouse. In even larger quantity, this laser type has entirely replaced edge-emitting laser diodes for use in multimode fiber-based Gbit/s speed optical data transmission in premises networks and for the interconnection of various kinds of computer clusters. Several books entirely devoted R. Michalzik (B)

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Section: Large-signal Modulation Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Small-signal Modulation Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

VCSEL Fundamentals

Michalzik

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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“…Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) [1,2] are the most promising semiconductor light source for fast parallel optical interconnects applications [3,4]. Some of their most remarkable features are monolithic 1D or 2D array processing, on-wafer testing, circular output beam, single longitudinal mode, low threshold current and high-speed direct modulation capability [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi‐analytic steady‐state solution of VCSEL rate equations including spatial hole burning and carrier diffusion losses

Jungo

Erni

Baechtold

2003

Int J Numerical Modelling

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SUMMARYWe propose a new set of equations describing a cylindrical vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) cavity under CW operation, based on the rate equations including lateral carrier diffusion. The only numerical step in the calculation consists in finding the roots of a polynomial expression. This model enables a quasi-instantaneous calculation of the laser's light-current characteristic, including such effects as spatial hole burning, current spreading, inhomogeneous optical intensity distribution, and diffusion losses. An analysis of the VCSELs threshold current and differential quantum efficiency is proposed, which illustrates the interplay between injected current profile and diffusion coefficient.

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“…These low cost devices possess excellent optical properties and can be easily integrated onto PCBs [5]. They exhibit a very low threshold current, moderate optical power (few mWs), very high direct modulation bandwidth, wide operating temperature range (-55 o C to +125 o C) as well as reduced sensitivity to temperature fluctuations [6]. These devices can also be easily packaged in an array configuration due to their unique surface-normal output nature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%