Design and characterization of propolis extract loaded self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system as immunostimulant

Abstract

This current study aims to optimize, characterize, and observe the stability of the self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of propolis extract (PE) for improving the immune response. Optimization of the selected composition of SNEDDS was conducted using a D-optimal mixture design. SNEDDS was prepared by loading 150 mg/mL of PE in oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant phases. The thermodynamic stability test was carried out with phase separation parameters followed by the robustness to dilution and accelerated stability test. The immunostimulant activity was examined in vitro and in vivo by determining the phagocytic activity, cell proliferation, production of nitrite oxide levels of RAW 264.7 cells, phagocytic activity of macrophages, and the number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. The formula optimization showed that the formula containing Capryol-90, Cremophor RH40, and PEG 400 at a ratio of 30: 34: 36 was optimum. The verification response of the optimum formula with drug loading showed that the transmittance, droplet size, and zeta potential were 96.90 ± 0.00%, 28.7 ± 1.20 nm, and −56.5 ± 2.05 mV, respectively. The thermodynamic stability test and robustness to dilution did not find any separation phase. The accelerated stability test results were classified as stable. The in vitro and in vivo immunostimulant activity test showed that PE-loaded SNEDDS exhibited a higher immunostimulant effect than PE. In conclusion, the optimum and stable composition of PE loaded SNEDDS was found with a simple and accurate method using the D-Optimal mixture design and demonstrated an immunostimulant activity.

Repurposing Lovastatin Cytotoxicity against the Tongue Carcinoma HSC3 Cell Line Using a Eucalyptus Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Carrier

“…The LV loading within the prepared gels was determined by dissolving 1 g of the prepared gel with 9 mL of methanol and sonicating it for 10 min in a water bath sonicator; the concentration of LV in the resultant dispersion was determined by measuring the UV absorbance at 246 nm. Different LV-loaded nanoemulgels (shown in Table 7) were prepared in the same manner [47]. The rheological behavior of the optimized LV-Eu-nanoemulgel (formulation A) was compared with that of the plain Carbopol hydrogel (formulation E).…”

Nano‐Cocrystals of Piperine‐Succinic Acid: Physicochemical Characterization and Dissolution Rate Studies

“…Generally, the zeta potential value for nanoparticle systems is approximately ±30 mV. A zeta potential value close to zero is an indication of instability and a tendency toward the formation of aggregates [30] . This observation is likely due to pressure on the nanosuspension during the freeze‐drying process, in which water is removed from the nanosuspension by the process of sublimation.…”

“…A zeta potential value close to zero is an indication of instability and a tendency toward the formation of aggregates. [30] This observation is likely due to pressure on the nanosuspension during the freeze-drying process, in which water is removed from the nanosuspension by the process of sublimation. This sublimation process triggers a decrease in the movement of the stabilizer chain around the nano-cocrystal, resulting in dehydration, which results in the cessation of the steric hindrance of the stabilizer.…”

Potential Role of Propolis Nanoparticles in Medicine and Health: An Updated Review

“…Propolis has an immunomodulatory impact and increases the response by increasing the phagocytic index, NO generation, and IgG antibody production, according to a prior study (Kalsum et al, 2017). Propolis -loaded SNEDDS had a stronger immunostimulant impact than propolis in several models (Fitria et al, 2021).…”