Design and Fabrication of a Compact Branch-Line Coupler Using Resonators with Wide Harmonics Suppression Band

Roshani, Sobhan; Yahya, Salah I.; Roshani, Sobhan; Rostami, Meysam

doi:10.3390/electronics11050793

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…It is worth mentioning that only simulated results are considered so that any manufacturing error in each prototype and any contribution from feeding transitions are neglected for fairness' sake. (3) 41.64 1.20 1…”

Section: Comparison With the State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have been traditionally realized using different technologies, ranging from printed circuits to hollow metallic waveguides. Microstrip implementations [2,3] are compact, low-cost and well-established; however, they present an increased insertion loss due to metal and dielectric losses, as well as to spurious radiation. This drawback is mitigated in the more recent printed gap waveguide prototypes [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single-Ridge Waveguide Compact and Wideband Hybrid Couplers for X/Ku-Band Applications

et al. 2022

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Hybrid couplers are important devices that combine or divide signals in various microwave applications. Wideband performance, low losses and small size are key features in most modern radar and communication systems. This paper presents a new geometry for single-ridge, air-filled waveguide quadrature hybrid couplers at the X/Ku band on a single layer using multiple pairs of slots cut on a common ridge coupling section. Bandwidth can be progressively extended by increasing the number of slot pairs. Two designs characterized by compact size and state-of-the-art performance are proposed, leading to a fractional bandwidth up to 46.88% and a maximum dimension of 1.18 wavelengths. A tolerance analysis is presented to highlight the design robustness and reliability.

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Section: Comparison With the State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Ridge Waveguide Compact and Wideband Hybrid Couplers for X/Ku-Band Applications

et al. 2022

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“…Triangular and trapezoidal resonators were added to the coupler for miniaturization and harmonic suppression [ 18 ]. The design achieved an 84% size reduction and wide harmonic suppression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Compact Broadband Quasi-Twisted Branch Line Coupler Based on a Double-Layered Microstrip Line

Ahmed,

Saad,

Khamas

2024

Micromachines

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A novel quasi-twisted miniaturized wideband branch line coupler (BLC) is proposed. The design is based on bisecting the conventional microstrip line BLC transversely and folding bisected sections on double-layered substrates with a common ground plane in between. The input and output terminals, each with a length of λg/4, and the pair of quarter-wavelength horizontal parallel arms are converted into a Z-shaped meandered microstrip line in the designed structure. Conversely, the pair of quarter-wavelength vertical arms are halved into two lines and transformed into a periodically loaded slow-wave structure. The bisected parts of the BLC are placed on the opposite side of the doubled-layer substrate and connected through four vias passing through the common ground plane. This technique enabled a compact BLC size of 6.4 × 18 mm2, which corresponds to a surface area miniaturization by ~50% as compared to the classical BLC size of 10 × 23 mm2 at 6 GHz. Moreover, the attained relative bandwidth is 73.9% (4.6–10 GHz) for S11, S33, S21, and the phase difference between outputs (∠S21 − ∠S41). However, if a coupling parameter (S41) of up to −7.5 dB is considered, then the relative bandwidth reduces to 53.9% (4.6–10 GHz) for port 1 as the input. Similarly, for port 3 as the input, the obtained bandwidth is 75.8% (4.5–10 GHz) for S33, S11, S43, and the phase difference between outputs (∠S43 − ∠S23). Likewise, this bandwidth reduces to 56% (4.5–8 GHz) when a coupling parameter (S23) of up to −7.5 dB is considered. In contrast, the relative bandwidth for the ordinary BLC is 41% at the same resonant frequency. The circuit is constructed on a double-layered low-cost FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3 and a loss tangent of 0.025. An isolation of −13 dB was realized in both S13 and S31 demonstrating an excellent performance. The transmission coefficients between input/output ports S21, S41, S23, and S43 are between −3.1 dB to −3.5 dB at a frequency of 6 GHz. Finally, the proposed BLC provides phase differences between output ports of 90.5° and 94.8° at a frequency of 6 GHz when the input ports 1 and 3 are excited, respectively. The presented design offers the potential of being utilized as a unit cell for building a Butler matrix (BM) for sub-6 GHz 5G beamforming networks.

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“…However, these methods require extra steps in the device implementation process, which is undesirable. In some works [20][21][22], open stubs have been used for harmonics suppression and size reduction purposes. However, only a few harmonics can be suppressed using open stubs, and a significant reduction in size cannot be obtained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A WPD with two main open stubs and three coupled lines is designed in [20], in which a wide band and filtering response with high attenuation was obtained. In [21], triangular-shaped open stubs are incorporated in the device's structure in order to present a coupler with rejection band, which achieved a bandwidth of 200 MHz within a main frequency of 700 MHz. A coupler with rectangular open stubs is designed in [22], and achieved filtering response and harmonic rejection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fast Surrogate Model-Based Algorithm Using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks for Microwave Circuit Design

et al. 2023

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This paper introduces a novel algorithm for designing a low-pass filter (LPF) and a microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using a neural network surrogate model. The proposed algorithm is applicable to various microwave devices, enhancing their performance and frequency response. Desirable output parameters can be achieved for the designed LPF and WPD by using the proposed algorithm. The proposed artificial neural network (ANN) surrogate model is employed to calculate the dimensions of the LPF and WPD, resulting in their efficient design. The LPF and WPD designs incorporate open stubs, stepped impedances, triangular-shaped resonators, and meandered lines to achieve optimal performance. The compact LPF occupies a size of only 0.15 λg × 0.081 λg, and exhibits a sharp response within the transmission band, with a sharpness parameter of approximately 185 dB/GHz. The designed WPD, operating at 1.5 GHz, exhibits outstanding harmonics suppression from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, with attenuation levels exceeding 20 dB. The WPD successfully suppresses 12 unwanted harmonics (2nd to 13th). The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed design algorithm effectively accomplishes the LPF and WPD designs, exhibiting desirable parameters such as operating frequency and high-frequency harmonics suppression. The WPD demonstrates a low insertion loss of 0.1 dB (S21 = 0.1 dB), input and output return losses exceeding 30 dB (S11 = −35 dB, S22 = −30 dB), and an output ports isolation of more than 32 dB (S23 = −32 dB), making it suitable for integration into modern communication systems.

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Design and Fabrication of a Compact Branch-Line Coupler Using Resonators with Wide Harmonics Suppression Band

Cited by 15 publications

References 68 publications

Single-Ridge Waveguide Compact and Wideband Hybrid Couplers for X/Ku-Band Applications

Single-Ridge Waveguide Compact and Wideband Hybrid Couplers for X/Ku-Band Applications

A Novel Compact Broadband Quasi-Twisted Branch Line Coupler Based on a Double-Layered Microstrip Line

A Fast Surrogate Model-Based Algorithm Using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks for Microwave Circuit Design

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