Design and fabrication of the cryostat for the floating coil of the Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX)

Electric Vehicle Charging Process and Parking Guidance App

“…Energy efficient and optimal routing, when applied to EVs, are not the same for a gas powered vehicles, since for the last one the only worry is simply understanding edge costs as energy values and applying standard algorithms. This new paradigm of energy-optimal routing for EVs must take into account multiple different heuristics, namely the recovery of some energy due to their kinetic and/or potential energy during deceleration phases, able to increase the cruising range of EVs up to 20% when in typical urban setting and hilly areas [4], meaning that edge costs could be negative [9], the costs of the edges may depend on parameters only known at query time [10], and at last, battery capacity limitations that implies that the cost of path is no longer just the sum of its edge costs, since additional energy losses or gains can occur from taking a path [7].…”

“…If we ignore the battery constraints, the problem of finding the most energy-optimal path from a point to other can be described as just finding the shortest path between the two points, which can be typically solved using a regular shortest path algorithm, like Dijkstra's algorithm [4]. Dijkstra's algorithm cannot be directly used in this type of problems, as edge costs for an EV can be negative and the battery constraints which seem to require special algorithmic treatment [9], also has the disadvantage of expanding more vertices than the actual need, as it can expand all vertices before the shortest path is found, showing a big running time [10].…”

“…Other heuristics to take into account is there are road sections where the energy consumption is negative where the EVs battery can be recharged, due to elevation differences or changes in the cruising speed. Just like in [4], for [9] the battery constraints are never running out of energy, there can not be overcharging, meaning that the battery current charge status can never exceed the maximum charge level and that an EV cannot take a trip and end up with a higher charge status than the one it started with. So, to perform the decision, a route only is feasible if there is no point where the required energy charge exceeds the current charge level from the EV, and a route is less preferred if there is a point where the maximum capacity is already reached and energy can be recuperated.…”

“…In [9] the battery constraints are modeled by cost function on the edges obeying the FIFO property. Results show that the current implementation of Dijkstra and the results from Contraction Hierarchies outperform those found by [4], where CH shows the lowest running time for a significant amount.…”

Operation of the Levitated Dipole Experiment Floating Coil

“…Retractable cryogenic transfer lines and instrument connector are disengaged from the F-coil before it is lifted into the middle of the LDX for plasma experiments. Description of the LDX magnet system can be found in [2], the F-coil in [3], [4], the C-coil in [5], and the L-coil in [6].…”