Nanomaterials constitute a class of structures that have unique
physiochemical properties and are excellent scaffolds for presenting
carbohydrates, important biomolecules that mediate a wide variety of important
biological events. The fabrication of carbohydrate-presenting nanomaterials,
glyconanomaterials, is of high interest and utility, combining the features of
nanoscale objects with biomolecular recognition. The structures can also produce
strong multivalent effects, where the nanomaterial scaffold greatly enhances the
relatively weak affinities of single carbohydrate ligands to the corresponding
receptors, and effectively amplifies the carbohydrate-mediated interactions.
Glyconanomaterials are thus an appealing platform for biosensing applications.
In this review, we discuss the chemistry for conjugation of carbohydrates to
nanomaterials, summarize strategies, and tabulate examples of applying
glyconanomaterials in in vitro and in vivo sensing applications of proteins,
microbes, and cells. The limitations and future perspectives of these emerging
glyconanomaterials sensing systems are furthermore discussed.