Design and qualification of hermetically packaged lithium niobate optical modulator

Moyer, R.S.; Grencavich, R.; Judd, F.F.; Kershner, R.C.; Minford, W. J.; Smith, R.W.

doi:10.1109/96.673699

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Concerning a continuous application of the different amount of stresses of 1 and to the material, there is a simple relationship with respect to the 2 corresponding duration t and t that the stress is applied: 1 2 n t s n t . 5…”

Section: žmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Failure Case Study for Optical Fiber Breaks in Metal Packages

Nagata

Mitsugi

Shima

1999

Optical Fiber Technology

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Section: žmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…relationship between the stress and the strain s, Eq. 6 can be rewritten as s n t s s n t 1 is derived as 5.3 h for n s 23 and 21 h for n s 20. Although this is just a rough estimate, the storage test at y20ЊC for a duration of several hours seems to be reasonable to simulate over 10 yr of actual device operation.…”

Section: W Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure Case Study for Optical Fiber Breaks in Metal Packages

Nagata

Mitsugi

Shima

1999

Optical Fiber Technology

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“…In 1986, Preston et al found that high humidity levels could affect the device reliability, leading them to propose the hermetic fiber-tailed package for LN electro-optic devices [15]. Subsequent studies primarily focused on improving sensor humidity stability through design of the hermetic packaging structure [16,17]. Until 2009, Li found that even with hermetical packaging, the response characteristics of LN IOES could still be affected by the relative humidity (RH) in the environment [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated optical electric field sensors: humidity stability mechanisms and packaging scheme

Ma,

Zhuang,

Wang

et al. 2024

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Integrated optical electric field sensors (IOES) play a crucial role in electric field measurement. This paper introduces the principles of the IOES and quantitatively evaluates the impact of humidity on measurement accuracy. Sensors with different levels of hydrophobicity coatings and hygroscopicity shells are fabricated and tested across the relative humidity (RH) range of 25% to 95%. Results reveal that humidity stability is primarily influenced by water vapor absorption through the sensor shell, which increases its conductivity. This further results in amplitude deviation and phase shift of the sensor output. To address this, an optimal humidity-stable packaging scheme is proposed, which involves using PEEK shell with room temperature vulcanized fluorinated silicone rubber coating. Compared with uncoated ceramic shell, the phase shift of the IOES reduces from 90$^\circ$ to 1$^\circ$ under a RH of 90%. The amplitude deviation of electric field measurement decreases from 20% to nearly zero after a 20-hour humidity experiment conducted under RH of 90\% at 30 $^\circ$C. The proposed packaging scheme could be used to improve the humidity stability of the sensors deployed in outdoor environments, especially on ships and coastal areas.

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Electro‐optics

2019

Crystal Optics

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Design and qualification of hermetically packaged lithium niobate optical modulator

Cited by 15 publications

References 3 publications

Failure Case Study for Optical Fiber Breaks in Metal Packages

Failure Case Study for Optical Fiber Breaks in Metal Packages

Integrated optical electric field sensors: humidity stability mechanisms and packaging scheme

Electro‐optics

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