Design, Degradation Mechanism and Long‐Term Cytotoxicity of Poly(l‐lactide) and Poly(Lactide‐co‐ϵ‐Caprolactone) Terpolymer Film and Air‐Spun Nanofiber Scaffold

Abstract

Degradable nanofiber scaffold is known to provide a suitable, versatile and temporary structure for tissue regeneration. However, synthetic nanofiber scaffold must be properly designed to display appropriate tissue response during the degradation process. In this context, this publication focuses on the design of a finely-tuned poly(lactide-co-ϵ-caprolactone) terpolymer (PLCL) that may be appropriate for vascular biomaterials applications and its comparison with well-known semi-crystalline poly(l-lactide) (PLLA). The degradation mechanism of polymer film and nanofiber scaffold and endothelial cells behavior cultured with degradation products is elucidated. The results highlights benefits of using PLCL terpolymer as vascular biomaterial compared to PLLA.

In vitroandin vivobiological characterization of poly(lactic acid) fiber scaffolds synthesized by air jet spinning

“…However, our study agrees with several reports demonstrating that, after PLA implantation, there is a mild tissue inflammatory response due to degradation of the polymeric phase, considering that this polymer as biocompatible . Moreover, several reports indicate that the rate of biodegradability of synthetic polymers that degrade over time depends mainly on the intrinsic properties of the polymer, including chemical structure, the presence of hydrolytically unstable bonds, the crystalline‐amorphous ratio, the copolymer ratio level, if applicable, and the initial molecular weight, that it is influenced by physical factors such as the total porosity, pore size distribution, fiber diameter, and chemical factors including the presence of enzymes and the pH at the site of implantation . This aspect could be important because PLA membrane scaffolds synthesized by AJT were amorphous and the in vitro and in vivo degradability could be influenced by the fiber diameter reflected on the mechanical properties indicating changes in the scaffolds properties.…”

“…[51][52][53] Moreover, several reports indicate that the rate of biodegradability of synthetic polymers that degrade over time depends mainly on the intrinsic properties of the polymer, including chemical structure, the presence of hydrolytically unstable bonds, the crystalline-amorphous ratio, the copolymer ratio level, if applicable, and the initial molecular weight, that it is influenced by physical factors such as the total porosity, pore size distribution, fiber diameter, and chemical factors including the presence of enzymes and the pH at the site of implantation. 24,35,45,46,54,55 This aspect could be important because PLA membrane scaffolds synthesized by AJT were amorphous and the in vitro and in vivo degradability could be influenced by the fiber diameter reflected on the mechanical properties indicating changes in the scaffolds properties. However, the scaffolds exhibited dimensional stability during the degradation period time, which is an important prerequisite for materials evaluation for tissue engineering regeneration.…”

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Among all the polymers used by air-spinning technique, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been the object of considerable attention due to its great potential in biomedical applications, because it is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and compostable material, making it a good candidate for tissue engineering regeneration. 22,23 Moreover, an interesting study of in vitro degradation rate and long-term cytotoxicity behavior of poly(Llactide) acid (PLLA) by Sabbatier et al 24 utilizing the airspinning technique to prepare a PLLA scaffold has previously been reported for vascular tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, the degradation products of PLA are metabolizable and known to be nontoxic to living organisms, and of still greater importance is that it is a U.S. Federal Drug Administration approved polymer, which can be dissolved and easily processed for reconstruction of bone, soft tissue and drug-delivery systems.…”

Bioactive injectable aggregates with nanofibrous microspheres and human dental pulp stem cells: A translational strategy in dental endodontics

“…In fact, previous studies have shown that PLLA materials tend to degrade in an aqueous medium from days 4 to 7, and degradation can lead to a decrease in pH and the release of by‐products to the cell culture medium. These effects, in turn, may have a negative impact on cell physiology and metabolism (Sabbatier et al , ). Although further work should be carried out to test this hypothesis, we suggest that cells cultured in microsphere systems may be initially devoid of these by‐products until they accumulate at day 7 of culture and affect cell proliferation, as determined by PCNA and DMP1 synthesis, thereby also affecting the in vivo degradation rate of S‐BIM.…”

Thermal, optical and structural properties of blocks and blends of PLA and P2HEB

“…Various methods have been implemented to improve the properties of PLA, whilst maintaining its sustainability, including: composite fabrication, 15,16 stereocomplexation, [17][18][19] copolymerization 1,20 and blending. 21,22 While copolymers with P2HEB are rare, 14 PLA copolymers are now commonplace, with glycolide and ethylene glycol copolymers being the most commercially relevant.…”