As experimental quantum information processing (QIP) rapidly advances, an emerging challenge is to design a scalable architecture that combines various quantum elements into a complex device without compromising their performance. In particular, superconducting quantum circuits have successfully demonstrated many of the requirements for quantum computing, including coherence levels that approach the thresholds for scaling. However, it remains challenging to couple a large number of circuit components through controllable channels while suppressing any other interactions. We propose a hardware platform intended to address these challenges, which combines the advantages of integrated circuit fabrication and the long coherence times achievable in three-dimensional circuit quantum electrodynamics. This multilayer microwave integrated quantum circuit platform provides a path towards the realisation of increasingly complex superconducting devices in pursuit of a scalable quantum computer.
INTRODUCTIONExperimental quantum information processing is rapidly developing in several physical implementations, and superconducting quantum circuits are particularly promising candidates for building a practical quantum computer. 1,2 In these systems, qubits made with Josephson junctions behave like macroscopic atoms with quantised energy levels in the microwave domain. Coupling them to resonators forms a powerful platform known as circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) 3,4 that shares several important advantages with classical computing architectures: For one, devices are created in the solid state and their properties can be fully engineered through circuit design and mass produced by lithographic fabrication. Further, electromagnetically coupling qubits to superconducting transmission lines enables communication of quantum information, rapid multi-qubit gates and entangling operations between elements on or off the chip. 2,[5][6][7][8][9] Finally, electronic control and measurement are achieved through microwave signals carried to and from the device by wires and cables. This capacity for quantum electrical engineering of devices allows the lifetimes of quantum states to continually rise due to improvements in design and selection of high-quality materials. As a consequence, superconducting circuits fulfil many of the necessary requirements for universal quantum computation, as evidenced by recent experimental realisations of a large suite of desired building blocks. [10][11][12] In general, scaling up quantum information devices will require connecting orders of magnitude more circuit elements than today's experimental devices without sacrificing coherence. In particular, building a fully functional, fault-tolerant quantum computer requires error rates to remain below the threshold for quantum error correction. 13,14 At the same time, the different components must retain the ability to selectively interact with each other while being externally addressed and accurately controlled. Finally, they must be mass producible in a r...