“…As one of the key components in radio frequency (RF) front ends and microwave systems, bandpass filters (BPFs) are extensively investigated and have spurred great advances in terms of structures, processes, and performance over the past decades. Several technologies such as low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) [ 1 , 2 ], microstrip [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) [ 10 , 11 ], are utilized to develop BPFs with specific characteristics such as broad bandwidth, high selectivity, low insertion loss, and compact size. Recently, with the rapid development of wireless communication, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI), the demands for miniaturization and integration of RF components are especially urgent, therefore, it is necessary to design filters that are more compact and easier to be integrated [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”