Design of hexagonal chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with ultra-flattened dispersion in mid-infrared wavelength spectrum

Abstract

In the last few decades, silica-based photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have been the subject of extensive research. Traditional silica-based PCFs, however, experience considerable propagation loss when used beyond 3000 nm. On the other hand, soft glasses, notably tellurite, fluoride, and chalcogenide glasses, offer exceptional optical transparency in the mid-IR wavelength region and are a desirable replacement for silica in MIR applications. A comprehensive investigation of chromatic dispersion properties in the hexagonal chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers is presented. The dependency of fiber dispersion on the structural parameters of photonic crystal fibers is thoroughly described in this study. Utilizing the interaction between material and geometrical dispersion, we were able to develop a well-defined framework for making specific predefined dispersion curves. In the mid-infrared wavelength spectrum, we are concerned with flattened, if not ultra-flattened, dispersion behaviors. In the wavelength range of 3500–6500 nm, the hexagonal chalcogenide microstructured fiber was engineered to achieve a typical dispersion profile flattened to within −3.41 to 9.5 ps/[nm–km] for the six-ring structure and −3.91 to 8.17 ps/[nm–km] for the four-ring structure. This proposed chalcogenide PCF can be used for soliton generation, gas sensing, biomedical imaging, supercontinuum generation, and long-distance high-speed communication applications in the mid-infrared wavelength range due to its nearly zero ultra-flattened dispersion characteristics.

Enhanced Sensitivity of Binary/Ternary Locally Resonant Porous Phononic Crystal Sensors for Sulfuric Acid Detection: A New Class of Fluidic-Based Biosensors

“…From Figure 2, the density of the solution increases semi-linearly with a rate of approximately ∆ρ/∆c = 6.7 as the concentration of H 2 SO 4 increases. On the other hand, the speed of sound exhibits a quartic polynomial relationship with the concentration as expressed by Equation (16). It is important to note that the rate of increase of sound speed with respect to concentration (∆v/∆C) is not uniform across the concentration range of 0 to 15%, as depicted in Figure 2.…”

“…In contrast, the acoustic wave velocity of the aqueous solution takes a nonlinear response regarding the increase of H2SO4 concentration. Such response can be numerically described based on a polynomial fitted equation of the 4th degree as depicted in Equation (16). As listed in Table 1, the acoustic speed of H2SO4 salt is equivalent to 1253 m/s, which is smaller than that of pure water (1507 m/s).…”

“…Photonic crystals (PCs), characterized by their periodic modulation, can manipulate incident electromagnetic waves [11][12][13][14][15]. These designs have demonstrated relatively high performance in detecting various phenomena such as Fano resonance (FR) [16], resonant defect modes [17], Tamm plasmon resonance (TPR) [18,19], and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), as well [20][21][22]. In contrast, phononic crystals (PnCs) are introduced as periodic artificial microstructures to confine the propagation of acoustic and elastic waves [23,24].…”