Design of high capacity 3D print codes aiming for robustness to the PS channel and external distortions

Mayer, Joceli; Bermudez, J.C.M.; Legg, Andrei P.; Uchôa-Filho, Bartolomeu F.; Mukherjee, Debargha; Said, Amir; Samadani, Ramin; Simske, Steven J.

doi:10.1109/icip.2009.5414127

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Distortion parameter estimation through an unsupervised Bayesian color classification with expectation-maximization was worked in CMY/K space by (Mayer et al, 2009). Gaussian density distribution of the received colors was assumed.…”

Section: Current Status Of the Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Color Barcodes from Debut to Present: A Broad Survey on the State of the Art

SİRMEN

Ustundag

2023

Alphanumeric Journal

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Efficiently transferring information, which is of major importance for almost all engineering systems, requires a data representative appropriate to maintain the density and consistency of the information dispatched. As such a machine-readable representation of data, barcodes are one of the most recognized and powerful instruments of the purpose in every domain. Likewise, from the perspective of engineering, colors are excellent sources of information exchange, since the transmission of color connotes the conveyance of its entire scalar attributes in the same spatial channel component. Exerting colors on barcodes as an effective way of bursting the data conveyance capacity has been an active area of research for over 50 years. Significant progress has been achieved through efforts in this regard. It is also envisagable that the evident evolution in related technologies exoterically empowers the enhancement of color barcode capabilities as capacity and reliability, thereby further encouraging prospected research in this direction. Herein, a comprehensive survey of the studies on this main area of interest is presented. To help better acquainted with the field, also a taxonomy of the peculiar interference sources and distortion effects is provided, besides, the 3D barcoding process itself and the research areas are described. Most of the relevant works from debut to the present are broadly examined. Rather than presenting a timeline, studies that pertain to similar issues are addressed together. Amongst those related, premising or pivotal ones are preferably cited as far as feasible. Moreover, all perused works are analyzed by the research areas and the results are presented. Also, the issues relatively more prominent as affecting the performance of the whole process are specified. In the conclusion, some of the research subjects that appear open, scarce, or require further elaboration were remarked on as well. It is anticipated this study to contribute to the efforts toward leveraging color in barcodes.

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Section: Current Status Of the Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Color Barcodes from Debut to Present: A Broad Survey on the State of the Art

SİRMEN

Ustundag

2023

Alphanumeric Journal

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“…As opposed to other high capacity barcode technologies [3][4][5][6], the method encodes data in the shape of elliptical-dots in colorant channels instead of the color or graylevel of a cell. Embedding in orientation provides robustness against the variations in printing and scanning systems, which preserve shapes and therefore orientation (within resolution limits) but are subject to tonal variations in gray levels across devices and over time, which can adversely impact the detection accuracy for encoding in color gray values [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Per-colorantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Embedding in orientation provides robustness against the variations in printing and scanning systems, which preserve shapes and therefore orientation (within resolution limits) but are subject to tonal variations in gray levels across devices and over time, which can adversely impact the detection accuracy for encoding in color gray values [3][4][5][6]. Dataglyphs [7,8] share similar motivation but in their color instantiation use the same orientations for the different channels and therefore offer no data rate improvements with color.…”

Section: Per-colorantmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved color barcodes via Expectation Maximization style interference cancellation

Bulan

Sharma

2012

2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

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Encoding data independently in cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY) print colorant channels with detection in complementary Red, green, and blue (RGB) image capture channels offers an attractive framework for extending monochrome barcodes to color with increased data rates. The undesired absorption of colorants in regions of spectral sensitivity of the noncomplementary capture channels, however, gives rise to cross-channel color interference that significantly deteriorates the performance of the color barcode system. In this paper, we propose an Expectation Maximization (EM) style algorithm to estimate and cancel this color interference and improve the overall performance of the barcode system. Our method utilizes a physical model for print-capture process where the model parameters vary depending on printer, capture device, and illumination. We estimate the model parameters using an iterative EM-style approach and obtain an estimate of CMY colorant channels from the scanned RGB barcode by using the estimated model parameters. Our experimental results show that the proposed method mitigates the effect of color interference and significantly reduces the bit error rates for the recovered data.

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“…While this overcomes the color interference challenges, it fundamentally does not offer increased capacity over the monochrome setting. Another approach for color barcodes has been recently proposed [15]- [18]. In this approach, data is encoded as small triangles/rectangles in one of four (C,M,Y,K) or six (C,M,Y,R,G,B) colors where the color is chosen based upon the data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Capacity Color Barcodes: Per Channel Data Encoding via Orientation Modulation in Elliptical Dot Arrays

Bulan

Sharma

2011

IEEE Trans. on Image Process.

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Abstract-We present a new high capacity color barcode. The barcode we propose uses the cyan, magenta, and yellow (C,M,Y) colorant separations available in color printers and enables high capacity by independently encoding data in each of these separations. In each colorant channel, payload data is conveyed by using a periodic array of elliptically shaped dots whose individual orientations are modulated to encode the data. The orientation based data encoding provides beneficial robustness against printer and scanner tone variations. The overall color barcode is obtained when these color separations are printed in overlay as is common in color printing. A reader recovers the barcode data from a conventional color scan of the barcode, using red, green, and blue (R,G,B) channels complementary, respectively, to the print C, M, and Y channels. For each channel, first the periodic arrangement of dots is exploited at the reader to enable synchronization by compensating for both global rotation/scaling in scanning and local distortion in printing. To overcome the color interference resulting from colorant absorptions in noncomplementary scanner channels, we propose a novel interference minimizing data encoding approach and a statistical channel model (at the reader) that captures the characteristics of the interference, enabling more accurate data recovery. We also employ an error correction methodology that effectively utilizes the channel model. The experimental results show that the proposed method works well, offering (error-free) operational rates that are comparable to or better than the highest capacity barcodes known in the literature.Index Terms-Color barcodes, color interference aware encoding, elliptical dot barcodes, high capacity barcodes, sequential decoding.

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Design of high capacity 3D print codes aiming for robustness to the PS channel and external distortions

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Color Barcodes from Debut to Present: A Broad Survey on the State of the Art

Color Barcodes from Debut to Present: A Broad Survey on the State of the Art

Improved color barcodes via Expectation Maximization style interference cancellation

High Capacity Color Barcodes: Per Channel Data Encoding via Orientation Modulation in Elliptical Dot Arrays

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