Design of Nonuniform Linear Antenna Array Geometry and Signal Processing Algorithm for DOA Estimation of Gaussian Sources

Abramovich, Y.I.; Spencer, N.K.

doi:10.1006/dspr.2000.0378

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…for LOS signal P N LOS = P t + L NLOS , for NLOS signals (5) where P t is the radiated power emitted by the tag. More advanced models can incorporate not only material properties but also other factors, such as the incidence angle and polarization mismatch introduced by reflection, in this coefficient.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these algorithms have been adopted for Uniform Linear Array (ULA) configurations. Nevertheless , by considering non-uniform arrays a higher DoA resolution is achieved at the expense of phase ambiguity, when the interelement distance of radiators is greater than λ 2 [5]. In [6], OMP applied to a Hybrid non-uniform array configuration (HOMP) consisting of two uniform linear subarrays with different inter-spacing between elements is able to obtain higher accuracy with respect to OMP and FOMP, thus avoiding phase ambiguity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Performance Analysis of BLE-5.1 Angle of Arrival Estimation Using Embedded Radiation Patterns on a 3 × 3 Uniform Rectangular Array

Crisafulli,

Piazzese,

Pavone

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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The introduction of new Direction finding (DF) features in Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 5.1, has brought about new hardware design requirements for locators. These requirements include the ability to support accurate and fast direction-finding algorithms while maintaining compactness. To address these needs, a uniform rectangular antenna array with octagonal patches has been chosen. The single antenna features a Circular Polarized (CP) Bandwidth (BW) of 3.1% for a 6-dB threshold and a CP BW of 1.59% for a 3-dB threshold. Different antenna array configurations have been compared in terms of the interelement distance of the radiators to find a balance between antenna miniaturization and accuracy. From this analysis, an array antenna prototype (i.e., locator BLE) has been manufactured. In this paper, we analyze the performance of Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation in BLE by comparing the Conventional Steering Vector (CSV) approach with a new Embedded Radiation Pattern (ERP) approach, which takes into account mutual coupling effects and gain loss due to miniaturization. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) served as the performance metric to assess the accuracy of the main DoA detection. ERP outperforms CSV, in no-loss and multi-path scenarios. Numerical simulations show that ERP offers higher accuracy (lower MAE over θ and ϕ) when the number of snapshots increases. Performance evaluation for MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) and Bartlett algorithms highlights that for a SNR > 20 dB, the accuracy does not depend on the number of snapshots used, and faster computation is achieved for a single snapshot. INDEX TERMSAngle of Arrival (AoA), Direction Finding (DF), Direction of arrival (DoA), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Bartlett, MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC), Conventional Steering vector (CSV), Embedded Radiation Pattern (ERP), patch antenna array, uniform rectangular array (URA), Mutual Coupling (MC).I. INTRODUCTION B LUETOOTH Low Energy (BLE) 5.1, introduced new possibilities for indoor positioning applications since it offers the Direction Finding (DF) feature, including Angle of Arrival (AoA) and Angle of Departure (AoD) schemes, by adopting multiple antennas in the receiver architecture (i.e., locator) and a single antenna for the transmitter (i.e, tag).At the state of art, the most used DoA algorithms are MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) and Bartlett. Both require, as first step, the estimation of the covariance matrix. MUSIC, starting from this matrix, estimates the eigenvectors of the noise space and through these constructs a function, which in the case of rectangular arrays, is two-dimensional, known as pseudo-spectrum function (PSF). Bartlett from the covariance matrix also constructs a PSF, with a lower resolution than Schmidt's MUSIC algorithm [1].An alternative approach to DF is the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm, which leverages the sparsity of

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of BLE-5.1 Angle of Arrival Estimation Using Embedded Radiation Patterns on a 3 × 3 Uniform Rectangular Array

Crisafulli,

Piazzese,

Pavone

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…Sparse arrays are traditionally used in e.g. radio astronomy [6], Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation [9] and direction finding through radar [10], but their use in wireless communication systems is limited. In [11], a sparse array is used at the transmitter, where antennas are divided into subarrays creating multiple beams to modulate directional information onto OFDM carriers.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lot of research has been done on optimal placement of antennas within a sparse array with respect to some beamforming pattern, see e.g. [9]. We will however use the classical Minimum-Redundancy Linear Array as described in [13] to show the effect of irregular antenna spacing and leave the optimization as future work.…”

Section: B Case 2: Irregular Array Summing All Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A correlating receiver for ES-OFDM using multiple antennas

Kokkeler

Smit

2013

2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)

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Extended Symbol OFDM (ES-OFDM) is applied in case of a multiple antenna receiver. The receiver architecture is based on the observation that OFDM constellation points can be determined by means of correlation. Summing correlations between multiple antennas leads to an interferometer receiver. This approach gives the freedom to choose which correlations are summed. Three antenna structures are explored: a Uniform Linear Array (ULA) and a sparse array where all correlations are summed and a sparse array where only a selection of correlations are summed. The sensitivity of the Bit Error Rate (BER) of an ES-OFDM communication link to an interfering source from different directions is studied.The ULA leads to a relatively wide BER main lobe, the range of angles around the Direction of Arrival of the ES-OFDM signal where the BER is high. Outside this range, the interfering source is suppressed to low BERs, in many cases beyond requirements. By using sparse arrays, the width of the BER main lobe can be traded against the BER levels outside the BER main lobe. This effect is shown for a sparse array where all possible correlations are summed. By summing only those correlations that lead to a uniform co-array, BER levels outside the BER main lobe are lower for an interferometer receiver compared to a traditional beamforming receiver.

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“…Different geometry of the problem schemes have been proposed, in these algorithms, to significantly simplify, and thereby to reduce the costs of, uncertainty estimation. They employ inhomogeneous cylinders [12] or non-uniform linear antenna array configuration [13][14][15], to solve the problem of estimating the two-dimensional (2-D) directions of arrival (DOAs), of multiple sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2-L-Shape Two-Dimensional Arrival Angle Estimation With a Classical Subspace Algorithm

Changuel¹,

Harabi²,

Gharsallah³

2006

PIER

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Abstract-This paper proposes a computationally efficient method for a two-dimensional direction of arrival estimation of multiple narrowband sources. We apply the MUSIC method which requires eigenvalues decomposition to the cross spectral matrix. This paper will employ two L-shape arrays that showed better performances than the one L-shape and the parallel shape arrays. In spite of its computational complexity, simulation results verify that the proposed subspace technique gives much better performance than the propagator method.

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Design of Nonuniform Linear Antenna Array Geometry and Signal Processing Algorithm for DOA Estimation of Gaussian Sources

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Performance Analysis of BLE-5.1 Angle of Arrival Estimation Using Embedded Radiation Patterns on a 3 × 3 Uniform Rectangular Array

Performance Analysis of BLE-5.1 Angle of Arrival Estimation Using Embedded Radiation Patterns on a 3 × 3 Uniform Rectangular Array

A correlating receiver for ES-OFDM using multiple antennas

2-L-Shape Two-Dimensional Arrival Angle Estimation With a Classical Subspace Algorithm

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