Design of novel, simple, and inexpensive 3D printing‐based miniaturized electrochemical platform containing embedded disposable detector for analytical applications

Abstract

This paper describes the development of a novel, simple, and inexpensive electrochemical device containing an integrated and disposable three‐electrode system for detection. The base of this platform consists on a PDMS structure containing microchannels which were prototyped using 3D‐printed molds. Pencil graphite leads were inserted into these microchannels and utilized as working, counter and reference electrodes in a novel design. Morphological analysis and electrochemical experiments with benchmark redox probes were carried out in order to evaluate the performance and characterize the miniaturized device proposed. Even using inexpensive materials and a simple fabrication protocol, the electrochemical platform developed provided good repeatability and reproducibility over a low cost (ca. $2 per device), acceptable lifetime (ca. 250 voltammetric runs) and extremely reduced consumption of samples and reagents (order of µL). As proof of concept, the analytical feasibility of the platform was investigated through the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DOPA) and acetaminophen (AC). The two analytes showed linear dependence on the concentration range from 1 to 15 µM and the LODs achieved were 0.21 µM for DOPA and 0.29 µM for AC. Moreover, the platform was successfully applied on the determination of DOPA and AC in spiked blood serum and urine samples. The results obtained with the device described here were better than some reports in literature that use more costly electrodic materials and complex modification steps for the detection of the same analytes.

Development of micropillar array electrodes for highly sensitive detection of biomarkers

“…where A ¼ 5 mM is the concentration of the oxidized species; 25 F is the Faraday constant; z is the component along the axis of the micropillar; r is the component along the radial direction of the micropillar; r pillar and z pillar are the cylinder radius and height; and r domian is the radius of the diffusion domain. Since this study only analyzed the data with forwarding scan peak, to simplify the simulation process, it is assumed that both the reduced and the oxidized species have the same diffusion coefficient (6.39 Â 10 À6 cm 2 s À1 ).…”

Additive Manufacturable Materials for Electrochemical Biosensor Electrodes

“…[309] Fluidic chambers were also developed to facilitate sensing capabilities or rapidly prototype mimicked continuous flow chambers. [310][311][312][313][314][315][316][317][318][319][320] These can be cheaply printed and on-demand, rather than purchasing them in bulks, which collectively minimizes costs. Another example was illustrated where AM was involved in developing a cheaper alternative to the costly reference electrodes.…”

Fully Integrated 3D-Printed Electronic Device for the On-Field Determination of Antipsychotic Drug Quetiapine

“…Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an innovative 3D printing process in which a sensor is CAD designed and then printed from thermoplastic filaments by a 3D printer. This digital process requires low-cost and desktop-sized printers and it provides ease of operation by non-trained handlers, design flexibility and transferability via e-mail, while it produces eco-friendly and disposable sensors [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”