Design of Two-Dimensional Optical Alignment Signals Robust to Diffractive Effects

Robust Design of Two-Dimensional Optical Reference Signals Against Diffraction Effects

“…As in [7], [9], this section first uses the angular spectrum approach to calculate diffractive 2-D optical ZRSs. Using the calculated results, this section then formulates two combinatorial optimization problems for the design of 2-D ZRCs with minimum diffraction effects.…”

“…Diffraction has negative effects on a 2-D optical ZRS: decreasing the height of the central peak while increasing its width. Therefore, diffraction dramatically reduces the robustness and sensitivity of 2-D optical ZRSs [1], [6], [7], and renders the 2-D ZRCs obtained in [1]- [5] useless. To tackle the problem, Sáez-Landete et al [7] calculated diffractive 2-D optical ZRSs using the angular spectrum of plane waves [8], proposed a design of 2-D ZRCs that accommodates diffraction effects and used a genetic algorithm (GA) to search for 2-D ZRCs.…”

“…Therefore, diffraction dramatically reduces the robustness and sensitivity of 2-D optical ZRSs [1], [6], [7], and renders the 2-D ZRCs obtained in [1]- [5] useless. To tackle the problem, Sáez-Landete et al [7] calculated diffractive 2-D optical ZRSs using the angular spectrum of plane waves [8], proposed a design of 2-D ZRCs that accommodates diffraction effects and used a genetic algorithm (GA) to search for 2-D ZRCs. Motivated by the success of the cross-entropy (CE) method in solving complicated and large-scale combinatorial optimization problems, Chen et al [9] recently applied the CE method to improve upon the design of [7].…”

“…To tackle the problem, Sáez-Landete et al [7] calculated diffractive 2-D optical ZRSs using the angular spectrum of plane waves [8], proposed a design of 2-D ZRCs that accommodates diffraction effects and used a genetic algorithm (GA) to search for 2-D ZRCs. Motivated by the success of the cross-entropy (CE) method in solving complicated and large-scale combinatorial optimization problems, Chen et al [9] recently applied the CE method to improve upon the design of [7]. Although the design in [9] can search for 2-D ZRCs for generating 2-D optical ZRSs less sensitive to diffraction effects, there is still room for improvement.…”

“…In contrast to [7], [9], this study formulates two combinatorial optimization problems for the design of 2-D ZRCs with minimum diffraction effects, one of which is a maximization problem, while the other a minimization problem. Aiming at solving the two problems, this study proposes two novel approaches based on the parametric minimum cross-entropy (PMCE) method to search for 2-D ZRCs with minimum diffraction effects.…”