Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazine-1-carboxamide derivatives as novel P-glycoprotein inhibitors reversing multidrug resistance

Combining Carbon Nanotubes and Chitosan for the Vectorization of Methotrexate to Lung Cancer Cells

“…For the treatment of lung carcinomas, MTX (Figure 5) was found to possess high activity due to the strong inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and folate receptor binding, but its clinical applicability is hindered by the development of multi-drug resistance, as well as from the insurgence of severe side effects to normal tissues and cells [72,73,74].…”

Reversal Effect of Dihydromyricetin on Multiple Drug Resistance in SGC7901/5-FU Cells

“…P-gp, a glycoprotein with 170-kDa molecular weight encoded by the MDR1 gene and consists of 12 transmembrane domains. P-gp plays an important role to pump various chemotherapeutic agents out of MDR carcinoma cells, including the following drugs: taxanes, Vinca alkaloids, anthracyclines, and epipodophyllotoxins (Sarkadi et al, 2006;Alameh et al, 2019;Qiu et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2010;Lopez-Chavez et al, 2009). The overexpression of P-gp endows cancer cell with MDR, thus various approaches were performed to investigate the decreasement of the P-gp expression and the inhibition or modulation of the P-gp activity (Alameh et al, 2019;Qiu et al, 2019).…”

“…P-gp plays an important role to pump various chemotherapeutic agents out of MDR carcinoma cells, including the following drugs: taxanes, Vinca alkaloids, anthracyclines, and epipodophyllotoxins (Sarkadi et al, 2006;Alameh et al, 2019;Qiu et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2010;Lopez-Chavez et al, 2009). The overexpression of P-gp endows cancer cell with MDR, thus various approaches were performed to investigate the decreasement of the P-gp expression and the inhibition or modulation of the P-gp activity (Alameh et al, 2019;Qiu et al, 2019). Recently many reports focus on the application of natural product such as flavonols or flavonoids, results demonstrated they had the decreased effect in the gene expression of multidrug resistance gene-1 (MDR1), and inhibit the transport activity and the of P-gp as well as the P-gp mediated drug efflux, consequently increase the intracellular concentration and cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, thus effectively reverse the resistance of MDR carcinoma cells in vitro (Liu et al, 2010;Lopez-Chavez et al, 2009).…”

Chemical molecular‐based approach to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer by targeting P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp)

“…Most reported potent tetrahydroisoquinoline-based P-gp inhibitors [64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] were analogs of the third-generation P-gp inhibitor tariquidar (XR9576) 76 (Figure 3). By using various medicinal chemistry strategies 47 including (i) bioisosterism (such as replacing the amide bond in building block 1 of tariquidar with an easily-accessible triazole moiety which bears similar plane structure and bond length) 77,78 ; (ii) hybridization strategy 79,80 that has been frequently used in the drug design of P-gp inhibitors to obtain the desired scaffold; (iii) computer-aided drug design (CADD) strategy; (iv) late-stage functionalization 81,82 that utilizes the C−H bonds in the molecule as sites of diversification to rapidly promote the synthesis of new analogs; (v) ring fusing strategy; (vi) ring splitting strategy, (vii) scaffold hopping strategy (such as N-walking strategy), and (viii) amide reversal strategy, numerous tariquidar analogs have been designed and synthesized which can be divided into three series: Series 1, 2, and 3, where ethylphenylamine, ethyl(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methanamine, and ethyl(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methanamine were used as building block 1, respectively ( Figure 3A).…”

“…Mechanistic studies indicated that all of these chemosensitizers could inhibit P-gp-mediated efflux, increasing drug accumulation, and certain compounds also blocked P-gp ATPase activity, 70 whereas others altered P-gp expression. 70,73,83 Docking experiments 71,75 of certain compounds indicated that these newly synthesized analogs may have a similar binding mode to P-gp, with the lead compound tariquidar, which might be due to their similar chemical structures.…”