It has been reported that when many types of drugs, including dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, are taken with grapefruit juice (GJ), their concentrations in plasma increases due to their increased bioavailabilities.1,2) Serious adverse effects have been known to result. 3,4) Many patients being treated for chronic diseases are forbidden to drink GJ for the rest of their lives because of the risk of such drug interactions. The drugs interacting with GJ are metabolized by CYP3A enzymes in the small intestine. Furanocoumarin derivatives (FCs), such as bergamottin (BG) and 6Ј,7Ј-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), in GJ inhibit this process. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Therefore, in order to produce GJ that vulnerable patients may drink, it would be useful to remove the interactive components of GJ. This possibility has been little investigated.We recently reported that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation eliminates FCs in GJ.12) Furthermore, GJ that was UV-irradiated for 6 h lost the ability to interact with intraduodenal nifedipine (NFP) in rats. However, this method has the drawback that, over the long term, toxic substances might be formed in UV-irradiated GJ. Paine et al. have reported a method of removing BG and DHB from GJ by means of a pilot-scale citrus-debittering system consisting of three ultrafiltration cartridges and a styrene divinyl benzene absorption resin system.13) This equipment is complicated and probably expensive. In the present study, we found that BG and DHB in GJ were unstable at high temperatures. It is therefore proposed that the heat treatment of GJ might serve as the basis for the removal of interactive FCs and thus the elimination of potential drug interactions. Furthermore, GJ samples after heat treatment under various conditions, including various concentrations of FCs, are still useful for elucidating the functions of FCs in drug interactions. With such a background, we studied the effect of incubation at various temperatures on the concentrations of FCs in GJ, and the actions of the GJ samples on the drug interactions in vitro and in vivo.
MATERIALS AND METHODSAll handling procedures involving NFP and nitrendipine were performed under subdued light.Materials Anthracene [internal standard (IS)] was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). BG and DHB were purchased from Daiichi Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Bergaptol (BT) was obtained from Funakoshi Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). NFP was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries. Nitrendipine [internal standard (IS2)] was obtained from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Testosterone was obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). 6b-Hydroxytestosterone and corticosterone [internal standard (IS3)] were purchased from Daiichi Pure Chemicals and Wako Pure Chemical Industries, respectively. Pooled human hepatic microsomes were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, U.S.A.). Methanol, acetonitrile, and phosphoric acid of HPLC grade were used (Wako). All other chemicals were of reagent g...