Owning
to its unique properties of breaking down proteins into
soluble small peptides, pepsin has been advantageously applied in
many different industries, such as food, feed, or pharmaceuticals.
However, industrial production of enzymes is still considered a major
bottleneck because of the lack of robust, cost-effective, and sustainable
purification methods, which can account for up to 65% of the total
manufacturing cost. In this work, the potential of betaine hydrochloride
(BeHCl)- and BeHCl-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a phase-forming
compound of aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) for the simultaneous extraction
and recovery of pepsin is investigated as a sustainable integrated
ABS platform for enzyme production. Liquid–liquid equilibrium
(LLE) of ABSs composed of polypropylene glycol and DES composed of
BeHCl, as a hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA), and fructose, glucose, sucrose,
and urea, as hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs), was measured at a temperature
of 25 °C and atmospheric pressure and is presented here. It is
shown that the salting-out ability of the HBA is a driving force for
ABS formation, and the HBDs act as additives, leading to either increase
or decrease in the biphasic region, depending on their chemical structure.
The biocompatibility of the prepared DESs and their components was
studied using two different human cell lines, HEK 293 and Huh-7. It
is shown that these DESs are less toxic at higher concentrations than
their separate components. The partitioning studies revealed high
affinity of pepsin to the BeHCl-enriched phase in all the studied
systems. Very high extraction efficiencies and pepsin recovery yield,
above 96 and 141.9%, respectively, were obtained and it was possible
to significantly increase the pepsin activity recovery yield up to
141.9% in the BeHCl:glucose-based ABSs. In conclusion, the ABSs formed
with DESs allow the development of a promising platform to simultaneously
extract, recover, and formulate the BeHCl-pepsin drug, without the
need to remove the phase-forming compounds or recover the enzyme from
the BeHCl-enriched phase, thus improving sustainability in pharmaceutical
manufacturing.