“…The former, e.g. 2D and 3D finite‐element method (FEM) as employed for radial and axial‐flux machines [1–4], although precise, are very time‐consuming and not suitable for the preliminary designs, while analytical approaches provide fast, flexible and relatively accurate calculations, introducing a powerful tool for the design procedure. The second technique may be divided into two categories: first, subdomain methods which are on the basis of Laplace's and Poisson's equations as used for surface‐mounted PM machines [5, 6], switched reluctance machine [7], and flux switching machine [8]; second, flux‐tube models or magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) approaches as used for salient pole [9], flux‐switching [10], Vernier [11], and switched reluctance [12] machines as well as magnetic bearings [13].…”