Designing of a novel heterogeneous catalyst comprising 12-tungstophosphoric acid and zeolite HY for the synthesis of bio-based esters

Synthesis of Fuel Additives via Esterification of Succinic Acid over a Sustainable Catalyst Comprising 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid Anchored to Zeolite HY

“…No more significant weight loss shows that the catalyst is stable at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the catalyst showed no weight loss, which shows the stability of the catalyst up to 550 °C …”

“…The sodium form of zeolite was converted into its protonic form via an ion exchange procedure as described earlier by our group. 20 Zeolite NaY was refluxed with 1 M ammonium chloride solution for 2 h at 80 °C (where NaY:NH 4 Cl = 1 g:100 mL), filtered, washed with distilled water, and dried for 4 h at 120 °C. Then, the process was repeated twice to ensure complete ion exchange.…”

“…A detailed characterization study for ZHY and PW 12 /ZHY can be found in our previous publication. 20 At present, the acidity measurements by potentiometric titration, elemental analysis (EDX), BET surface area analysis, TGA, FT-IR, and XRD were mentioned for the reader's convenience, and additional new characterization such as HRTEM was included.…”

“…17 the present state of the art, the motivation and novelty of the current study are described as follows: (i) Till present, despite its economic relevance, no attempts have been made to investigate the catalytic activity of a catalyst based on PW 12 and ZHY for the production of a biofuel additive via esterification of succinic acid and n-butanol. (ii) Extension of our earlier work 20 (i.e., esterification of the C5 bioplatform molecule, levulinic acid with n-butanol using 12-tungstophosphoric acid anchored to zeolite HY) and apply it for C4 bioplatform acid, succinic acid.…”

“…After a long break of period, in 2021, Pithadia and Patel reported a novel catalyst, comprising 12-tungstosilicic acid and MCM-22 for the esterification of succinic acid Recently, in 2022, Pithadia and Patel reported 12-tungstosilicic acid as well as mono lacunary silicotungstate anchored to nanoporous MCM-48 for the esterification of succinic acid with n -butanol. , At the present state of the art, the motivation and novelty of the current study are described as follows: (i) Till present, despite its economic relevance, no attempts have been made to investigate the catalytic activity of a catalyst based on PW 12 and ZHY for the production of a biofuel additive via esterification of succinic acid and n -butanol. (ii) Extension of our earlier work (i.e., esterification of the C5 bioplatform molecule, levulinic acid with n -butanol using 12-tungstophosphoric acid anchored to zeolite HY) and apply it for C4 bioplatform acid, succinic acid.…”