Detailed modeling of palpebral fissure and its influence on SAR and temperature rise in human eye under GHz exposures

Diao, Yinliang; Leung, S.W.; He, Yaqing; Sun, Wenguang; Chan, Kwok Hung; Siu, Y.M.; Kong, Richard Yuen Chong

doi:10.1002/bem.21973

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The adverse health effects due to non-ionizing, non-visible RF radiation are emphasized based on laboratory experiments and it cause adverse systemic effects including damages of skin and eyes [36]. Variations in SAR and temperature rise at GHz plane-wave EMF exposure effects human eye like changes in palpebral fissure, extent of opening between eyelids and maximum temperature rise in lens was observed as 0.8 • C at EM intensity of 100W/m 2 [37]. Ocular damage due to RF EMFs exposures at 40GHz, 75GHz, and 95GHz frequencies were investigated and it is observed that after 10minutes from exposure to RF EMFs, ocular damage occurs including decrease in transparency and cornea thickness.…”

Section: Human Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of mmWave Radiation on Human Health: State of the Art Threshold Levels

Dilli

2021

IEEE Access

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millimeter (mmWave) frequencies are covering from 30GHz to 300GHz in the electromagnetic spectrum and their uses in various applications like next-generation wireless communication systems (massive 5G telecommunications network), medical devices, airport security and automatic collision avoidance systems are growing vastly in the near future. Therefore, it is important to study the effects of mmWave radiation (non-ionization radiation) on biological systems and biophysical mechanisms. This paper focus on thorough review of nascent literature about current understandings of biological effects and epidemiological studies due to mmWave radiation in human beings. It presents latest guidelines with quantitative electromagnetic field thresholds by considering the realistic exposure scenarios of ''general public'' and ''occupational'' who undergo through wireless communication sources in their daily life. It also gives necessary safety measures to be taken while using the emerging mmWave technologies for future generation wireless communication networks.

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Section: Human Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of mmWave Radiation on Human Health: State of the Art Threshold Levels

Dilli

2021

IEEE Access

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“…Future studies should investigate the differences in the absorption pattern and temperature rise in multiple anatomically different individuals. The investigation should also take into account the extent of opening between the eyelids, which has been studied by Diao et al (2016) at frequencies lower than 10 GHz. The temperature rises can be affected by uncertainty in the skin blood flow rate, which strongly depends on the ambient conditions and varies between individuals (Laakso et al 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exposure to pulsed fields in the frequency range from 6 to 100 GHz

et al. 2017

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Restrictions on human exposure to electromagnetic waves at frequencies higher than 3-10 GHz are defined in terms of the incident power density to prevent excessive temperature rise in superficial tissue. However, international standards and guidelines differ in their definitions of how the power density is interpreted for brief exposures. This study investigated how the temperature rise was affected by exposure duration at frequencies higher than 6 GHz. Far-field exposure of the human face to pulses shorter than 10 s at frequencies from 6 to 100 GHz was modelled using the finite-difference time-domain method. The bioheat transfer equation was used for thermal modelling. We investigated the effects of frequency, polarization, exposure duration, and depth below the skin surface on the temperature rise. The results indicated limitations in the current human exposure guidelines and showed that radiant exposure, i.e. energy absorption per unit area, can be used to limit temperature rise for pulsed exposure. The data are useful for the development of human exposure guidelines at frequencies higher than 6 GHz.

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“…There has been extensive academic research on human eye temperature distribution [4,5,[13][14][15]. Infrared detection, which is the most recent and non-invasive empirical technique, has shown that the cornea surface temperature for human eye can be referred as 34.3 o C [5].…”

Section: Simulation Parameters and Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the authors are going to simulate these thermal effects on human eye by finite element method (FEM). This EM effect can be detrimental especially on eyes, since human eye cools itself by corneal evaporation and retinal blood perfusion [4,5]. Lacking any of those would increase the temperatures to levels that could pose immediate risks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Effect Estimation of Smartphone Virtual Reality Headsets on Human Eye by Finite Element Method

ULUAYDIN>

ŞEKER

2022

Sakarya University Journal of Science

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Smartphones (SP) terminals are becoming the most popular media for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) effects with their central processing unit (CPU) and video capabilities. Simple VR headsets with reasonable costs can host smartphones, and they can together be used for many different applications. But with the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, their usage has become essential for many people working from their homes. VR and AR capabilities provide a much richer experience for entertainment, gaming, and video conferencing. The increasing popularity of 3D virtual worlds add up to this usage. On the technology side, multi-radio connectivity is supported both on terminal and network side. A certain risk may arise when using SP VR headsets for such applications requiring a broadband Internet connectivity. SPs with multi-radio connectivity feature may elevate specific absorption rate (SAR) values in those cases. The smartphone used for VR and AR applications is positioned in front of the eyes; and there is very limited ventilation in VR/AR headsets. Authors’ model aims simulate these exposure scenarios in 4G and 5G mobile telecommunication frequencies by finite element method (FEM); and, possible thermal and non-thermal risks of related electromagnetic (EM) radiation on human eye according to the outputs of the model are discussed.

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Detailed modeling of palpebral fissure and its influence on SAR and temperature rise in human eye under GHz exposures

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Implications of mmWave Radiation on Human Health: State of the Art Threshold Levels

Implications of mmWave Radiation on Human Health: State of the Art Threshold Levels

Human exposure to pulsed fields in the frequency range from 6 to 100 GHz

Thermal Effect Estimation of Smartphone Virtual Reality Headsets on Human Eye by Finite Element Method

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