Detecting variation in ultrafiltrated milk permeates — Infrared spectroscopy signatures and external factor orthogonalization

Classification and assessment of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of different varieties of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Iran

“…Between the different supervised pattern recognition methods, ECVA is a new and efficient classification method, which has been found widespread applications in the recent years [30]. The composition of the calibration and prediction sets was the same as used in PLS-DA and PCA.…”

Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for the rapid discrimination between native-like and non-native states in freeze-dried protein formulations

“…After the orthogonalization procedure, it can be assessed whether the discrimination and the classification between freeze-dried formulations with native-like and non-native proteins is affected, this way revealing the influence of the removed factor [22].…”

“…As we directly use the unprocessed Raman spectra of a freeze-dried formulation (without the usual blank subtraction), we have to investigate the influence of the excipient signals on the discriminating power of the model. Therefore we applied an orthogonal projection approach [21][22][23][24]. The contributions within the variable space of the calibration matrix X (containing the spectra of the protein formulations) are originating from the pure protein signals (X p ), interferences such as the excipient signals (X b ) and other undefined spectral variance (ε) (eq.…”

Process analytical technology: a critical view of the chemometricians

“…An algorithm that addresses the effect of multiplicative light scattering is proposed in . Study demonstrates how multiple external factors can be removed from the spectral data by orthogonalization.…”