Detection and characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae from the gut of healthy chickens, Gallus gallus domesticus in rural Nepal: Dominance of CTX-M-15-non-ST131 Escherichia coli clones

Abstract

The surge in the prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria in poultry is a global concern as it may pose an extended threat to humans and animal health. The present study aimed to investigate the colonization proportion of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EPE and CPE, respectively) in the gut of healthy poultry, Gallus gallus domesticus in Kaski district of Western Nepal. Total, 113 pooled rectal swab specimens from 66 private household farms and 47 commercial poultry farms were collected by systematic random sampling from the Kaski district in western Nepal. Out of 113 pooled samples, 19 (28.8%) samples from 66 backyard farms, and 15 (31.9%) from 47 commercial broiler farms were positive for EPE. Of the 38 EPE strains isolated from 34 ESBL positive rectal swabs, 31(81.6%) were identified as Escherichia coli, five as Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.2%), and one each isolate of Enterobacter species and Citrobacter species (2.6%). Based on genotyping, 35/38 examined EPE strains (92.1%) were phylogroup-1 positive, and all these 35 strains (100%) had the CTX-M-15 gene and strains from phylogroup-2, and 9 were of CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-14, respectively. Among 38 ESBL positive isolates, 9 (23.7%) were Ambler class C (Amp C) co-producers, predominant were of DHA, followed by CIT genes. Two (6.5%) E. coli strains of ST131 belonged to clade C, rest 29/31 (93.5%) were non-ST131 E. coli. None of the isolates produced carbapenemase. Twenty isolates (52.6%) were in-vitro biofilm producers. Univariate analysis showed that the odd of ESBL carriage among commercial broilers were 1.160 times (95% CI 0.515, 2.613) higher than organically fed backyard flocks. This is the first study in Nepal, demonstrating the EPE colonization proportion, genotypes, and prevalence of high-risk clone E. coli ST131 among gut flora of healthy poultry. Our data indicated that CTX-M-15 was the most prevalent ESBL enzyme, mainly associated with E. coli belonging to non-ST131clones and the absence of carbapenemases.

Epidemiological Dynamics of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase- or AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Screened in Apparently Healthy Chickens in Uganda

“…e study reports an overall prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC-EC of 17.5%, which was lower when compared to a range of 20% to 87% compiled from other studies [11][12][13]23]. e variations in prevalence rates could be the difference in ESBL/AmpC diagnostic methods used.…”

“…Poultry management systems in Uganda were categorized into intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive. In this study, we concentrated on intensive farms since they are more popular [ 17 ] and a high consumer of antibiotics which increases the risk of birds carrying resistant bacteria [ 12 ]. The inclusion criteria excluded farms with less than 100 birds.…”

“…ough poultry is taken as one of the major reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria [5], limited findings on some categories of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase-and AmpCproducing E. coli still exist. e geographical distribution of ESBL and AmpC E. coli in poultry differs with some studies portraying worrying prevalence rates of over 20% in chickens [2,[11][12][13][14]. eir information is not clear on the interplay between the microbes, their earmarked hosts, and the aspects stimulating carriage and dissemination.…”

Molecular detection of β-lactamase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolated from different clinical sources

“…Indeed, antibacterial abuse was already found as a significant factor in the selection and development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in clinical treatment (11). In the experiment was performed (12), the findings of antibiotic resistance screening towards 15 antimicrobial drugs revealed that all 78 (one hundred percent) E. coli isolates tested positive for penicillin resistance (penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin).…”

Molecular Detection and Antibiogram of ESBL-Producing and Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli from Rabbit, Swine, and Poultry in Malaysia

“…Previous studies reported the presence of ESBLproducing E. coli and CREC in food-producing animals (Köck et al, 2018;Hosuru Subramanya et al, 2020). However, little is known regarding the spread of ESBLproducing E. coli and CRE among livestock animals in Malaysia.…”