Detection and Prognosis of Prostate Cancer Using Blood-Based Biomarkers

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is second only to lung cancer as a cause of death. Clinical assessment of patients and treatment efficiency therefore depend on the disease being diagnosed as early as possible. However, due to issues regarding the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for screening purposes, PCa management is among the most contentious of healthcare matters. PSA screening is problematic primarily because of diagnosis difficulties and the high rate of false-positive biopsies. Novel PCa biomarkers, such as the Prostate Health Index (PHI) and the 4Kscore, have been proposed in recent times to improve PSA prediction accuracy and have shown higher performance by preventing redundant biopsies. The 4Kscore also shows high precision in determining the risk of developing high-grade PCa, whereas elevated PHI levels suggest that the tumor is aggressive. Some evidence also supports the effectiveness of miRNAs as biomarkers for distinguishing PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia and for assessing the aggressiveness of the disease. A number of miRNAs that possibly act as tumor inhibitors or oncogenes are impaired in PCa. These new biomarkers are comprehensively reviewed in the present study in terms of their potential use in diagnosing and treating PCa.

A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence in Prostate Cancer

“…24 Over the past 10 years, an avalanche of biomarkers have been identified and are put into clinical assays. 25–34 While several of these biomarkers have been studied and characterized, there is no standard overlap between all of these assays due to the function of each assay, and there is no absolutely perfect list of biomarkers to look at when predicting diagnosis and prognosis. Thus, it is important to be able to identify and evaluate any new biomarkers for their clinical significance in a way that is both meaningful and accurate.…”

PSA Based Biomarkers, Imagistic Techniques and Combined Tests for a Better Diagnostic of Localized Prostate Cancer

“…The test was validated, especially for diagnosing clinically significant cancers for patients with a PSA of 4–10 ng/mL. The utility of the test is that it can help reduce unnecessary biopsies, and it proved higher specificity and sensitivity than total PSA (tPSA) and free PSA% [ 1 ], with cutoff values that can range between 20–40 [ 38 , 39 ]. PHID is defined as PHI divided by prostate volume with a cutoff above 0.9 [ 34 ].…”

Silica‐Based Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Prostate Cancer Treatment

“…It must be noted that small cell prostate carcinoma, a very rare (1 %) type, is difficult to diagnose using the PSA [25] . Recently, the identification of subtype of PSA has been given more attention for the diagnosis of PCA, and these researches have offered several biomarkers including PHI, 4Kscore which is otherwise called 4‐kallikrein panel [28] . This panel screens total PSA, free PSA, intact PSA and the human kallikrein 2.…”