Detection and toxicity modeling of anthraquinone dyes and chlorinated side products from a colored smoke pyrotechnic reaction

Dilger, Jonathan M.; Martin, Todd M.; Wilkins, Benjamin Paul; Bohrer, Brian C.; Thoreson, Kelly M.; Fedick, Patrick W.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131845

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Recently, Dilger et al [ 16 ] examined the breakdown of Disperse Red 9 in a mock red flare and found that it pyrolyzed into many potentially toxic compounds including chloro(methylamino) anthraquinone. Machine learning quantitative structure–activity relationship models were then applied to predict several toxicological endpoints for Disperse Red 9 and its chlorinated derivative along with several other anthraquinone dyes and their chlorinated by products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure

Perkins

Mary

et al. 2022

Toxics

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(1) Background: Disperse Blue 14, Disperse Red 9, Solvent Red 169 and Solvent Yellow 33 have been used to color smoke; however, they have not been comprehensively assessed for their potential health hazards. (2) Methods: To assess the effects of these dyes, zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) to 10–55 µM Disperse Red 9, 1–50 µM Solvent Red 169, 7.5–13.5 µM Solvent Yellow 33 or 133–314 µM Disperse Blue 14. Embryos were monitored for adverse effects on gene expression at 48 hpf as well as for mortality, development and behavior at 120 hpf. The dyes were examined for their potential to cross the blood–brain barrier. (3) Results: Solvent Yellow 33 and Disperse Blue 14 impaired development and behavior at all concentrations. Disperse Red 9 impaired behavior at all concentrations and development at all concentrations except for 10 µM. Solvent Red 169 caused no effects. Mortality was only seen in Disperse Blue 14 at 261.5 and 314 µM. Gene expression indicated impacts on neurodevelopment and folate and retinol metabolism as potential mechanisms of toxicity. (4) Conclusions: Smoke dyes have a high potential for causing developmental changes and neurotoxicity and should be examined more closely using comprehensive approaches as used here.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure

Perkins

Mary

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…The structure of the organic dyes is based on anthraquinone, quinoline, azo-compounds, quinacridone, and so forth . Some of the dyes have been labeled as harmful to human health in the past. , Therefore, there is an effort to find other dyes with similar performance that could replace the currently used ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Some of the dyes have been labeled as harmful to human health in the past. 3,4 Therefore, there is an effort to find other dyes with similar performance that could replace the currently used ones.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17,18 For the DPP dye examination, it was decided to use the standard KClO 3 /sugar system (Table 1), which is also used in the commercially available signal smoke devices. 4,19 Apart from the standard system, there are other smoke-generating systems to be found. Recent work by Gluck and Kublbock presented the addition of a high-nitrogen compound in order to increase smoke color quality.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diketopyrrolopyrrole─A Greener Alternative for Pyrotechnic Smoke Compositions

Zeman

Pelikán

Pachmáň

2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Colored smoke compositions are widely used in the modern world, either for special communication signals or for entertainment. The color of smokes is given by various dyes, which are used in the composition and are usually organic. The currently used anthraquinone dyes are becoming suspicious of being harmful to human health, and alternative materials are therefore being sought. An organic dye with a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) structure is proposed as a suitable and toxicologically harmless replacement in pyrotechnic compositions. The completely different chemical structure of the proposed material in comparison to the usual structures based on anthraquinone or azo-compounds provides interesting results. Via the yield factor, the functional tests reported herein confirmed the ability of DPP to form a red-colored smoke cloud more effectively than current anthraquinone dyes. In the composition with a dye content of 52%, the DPP composition reaches a yield of 51% while the usual anthraquinone composition yields only 47.6%. The high thermal stability of the DPP dye could also offer the possibility of using other heat-generating systems.

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“…Additionally, this upregulation of NQO-1 could drive an excessive production of O 2 Ÿ − by the redox cycling of quinones(Valavanidis et al, 2013;Zheng et al, 2020). A very recent study developed a model of quantitative structure activity relationship to predict the health risks of an acute exposure to anthraquinones dyes used in the military eld(Dilger et al, 2022). High to very high toxicities were predicted for acute inhalation, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, endocrine disruption and development.…”

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confidence: 99%

Toxicity of acute or repeated exposures to particles from pyrotechnic smokes in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells 3D culture

Lagarde

Chevalier

Meausoone

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Hexachloroethane (HC) based smokes and colored pyrotechnic smokes are widely used in the military field, as screening and signaling smokes, that are reported to cause pulmonary toxic effects in humans and in animal studies. Toxicity of pyrotechnic smokes might be caused by the inhalation of particles that composed the smoke and gives the desired pyrotechnic effect. In a previous study, we showed that smoke particles from a red signaling smoke (RSS) and from an HC obscuring smoke (HC-OS) have an intrinsic oxidative potential and induce an adaptive response in human small airway epithelial cells after an acute exposure. Thus, the aim of this study was to further explore the underlying mechanisms of toxicity linked to oxidative stress response of RSS and HC-OS particles, by using a 3D model of normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Results Acute exposure (24 h) to HC-OS particles induced a weak antioxidant response, characterized by increases of glutathione level and weak increase of one enzymatic antioxidant mRNA expression (NQO-1). Acute exposure to RSS particles induced oxidative stress characterized by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increases of glutathione level, increases mRNA expression of several enzymatic antioxidants (SOD-1, SOD-2, HO-1, NQO-1) and expression of NQO-1 protein as well as increase expression of IL-8 mRNA. We noticed that 24 h post-exposure to RSS particles, antioxidant response was still induced. Additionally, 24 h post-exposure to RSS particles revealed internalization of particles and morphological changes in 3D NHBE cells like loss of cilia and a cubic epithelium. Repeated exposures to RSS particles on 3D NHBE cells did not induce oxidative stress while cubic changing aspects of 3D NHBE cells were observed. Conclusions Thus, although further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these cubic changes, these results revealed differences in toxicity responses between the two types of particles, characterized by an RSS particles-induced oxidative stress as well as morphologic changes. Overall, this study provides a better overview of the toxic effects of pyrotechnic smoke particles whose toxic risks were very little studied.

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Detection and toxicity modeling of anthraquinone dyes and chlorinated side products from a colored smoke pyrotechnic reaction

Cited by 12 publications

References 55 publications

Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure

Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure

Diketopyrrolopyrrole─A Greener Alternative for Pyrotechnic Smoke Compositions

Toxicity of acute or repeated exposures to particles from pyrotechnic smokes in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells 3D culture

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