“…With the development of science and technology, many technologies such as biomarker research ( Singhal et al, 2023 ), neuroimaging technology ( Aberathne et al, 2023 ; Castaldo et al, 2023 ), artificial intelligence and machine learning ( Rahaman et al, 2020 , 2021 ; Chen A. et al, 2022 ; Inoue et al, 2023 ), and remote monitoring and sensor technology ( Lu et al, 2023 ; Rahman et al, 2023 ) have been widely used to explore various diseases and achieve interesting results. Machine learning discussed in this article has been the hottest topic in the field of artificial intelligence in the past 10 years, among which deep learning, classification, neural networks, etc.…”